BIO-209 chapter 6

Many of the resources we use come from?

forests and grasslands

Forests, woodlands, Pastures, and Rangelands Covers almost ___ of Global land.

60%

Forest and grasslands provides many resources Such as?

lumber, Paper Pulp, and grazing lands for livestock

Forests and grasslands provide essential ecological services such as?

regulating climate, storing carbon, controlling water runoff, providing wildlife habitat, purifying air and water, etc. 

The world land use for croplands is?

11%

The world land use for range and pastures is?

27%

The world land use for forests and woodlands is?

29%

The world land use for Boreal forest is?

33%

The world land use for tropical moist forest is?

42%

The world land use for temperate forest is?

11%

The world land use for subtropical forest is?

9%

The world land use for tropical dry forest is?

5%

Boreal and tropical forests are the most?

abundant 

The UN food and agriculture organization definition of “forest” is?

any area where trees cover more than 10% of the land

Old growth forests cover a large enough area and have been undisturbed by human activities long enough that?

trees can live out a natural life cycle. 

Old growth forests are about _____ of forests today. 

25%

Tropical forests are among?

the richest and most diverse terrestrial systems 

Tropical forests now occupy less than 10% of the earth's land surface but are thought to contain at least 50% of?

the plant, animal, and microbial species in the world. 

About ___ of existing tropical forests are cleared each year. 

0.6%

Major deforestation causes:

logging and agriculture. 

Cattle ranching can increase pressure for?

deforestation. 

About _____ of all world forests are in some form of protected status, the effectiveness of protection varies greatly.  

14%

Costa Rica has one of the best plans for?

forest protection. 

Tropical countries are not unique in?

unsustainable logging practices. 

The United States and Canada have also allowed?

controversial forest management practices. 

The U.S. forest service encourages multiple use, where forests are used for?

multiple purposes simultaneously. 

In the 1990s the U.S. forest service began to shift its policies from a timber production focus to ecosystem management, which attempts to?

integrate sustainable ecological, economic, and social goals in a unified, systems approach. 

After forests, grasslands are among the biomes most heavily used by?

humans. 

Grasslands, chaparral, and open woodlands are frequently converted to?

cropland, urban areas, etc. 

Worldwide the rate of grassland disturbance each year is 3x that of?

tropical forest. 

Grazing can be?

sustainable or damaging.

How can we avoid overuse of grazing? 

By carefully monitoring the numbers of animals and the condition of the range, ranchers, and pastoralists. 

When land is abused by overgrazing, especially in arid areas, once fertile land can be converted to desert in a process called?

desertification. 

Soil degradation due to overgrazing threatens?

many rangelands worldwide. 

Most public grazing lands in the U.S. are in?

poor health. 

Overgrazing is?

damage to vegetation and soil, including loss of native forage species and erosion. 

Wildlife conservation groups regard cattle overgrazing as?

the greatest threat to ecosystems and endangered species in the southwestern U.S.

Government subsidies result in?

grazing fees for use of public lands which are far below market value. 

While most forests and grasslands serve utilitarian purposes, most societies also set aside natural areas for?

aesthetic or recreational purposes. 

National parks are geared towards?

aesthetic conservation 

Currently, nearly 13% of the land area of the earth is protected in some sort of?

park, preserve, or wildlife management area. 

Different levels of protection are found in?

nature preserves. 

The world conservation union divides protected areas into five categories depending on?

the intended level of allowed human use. 

True or false: In the most strict category of protected areas, very few human impacts are allowed. 

TRUE

True or False: In the least restrictive categories of protected areas, there may be a high level of human use. 

TRUE

Even parks and preserves aren't always safe from?

exploitation or changes in political priorities. 

Often countries with the most important biomes lack?

funds, trained personnel, and experience to manage the areas under their control. 

Even in rich countries such as the U.S., some of the “crown jewels” of the national park system suffer from?

overuse and degradation. 

Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon are being?

“loved to death”. 

Only about 5% of near-shore marine biomes are?

protected. 

Limiting the amount and kind of fishing in marine reserves can quickly?

replenish fish stocks in surrounding areas. 

Closing reserves to fishing even for a few months can have beneficial results in?

restoring marine populations. 

Marine ecosystems need?

greater protection

Marine reserves are being established in many places like?

the south pacific. 

Conservation and economic development can?

work together.

Biological resources can be?

valuable assets. 

Ecotourism is?

tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable 

Native people can play important roles in?

nature protection

Many native cultures possess ecological knowledge that can be valuable in?

ecosystem management. 

UNESCO’s man and biosphere (MAB) program encourages?

the designation of biosphere reserves. 

The UNESCO’s man and biosphere (MAB) program’s Protected areas are divided into?

zones with different purposes. 

UNESCO’s man and biosphere (MAB) program recognizes?

indigenous rights while still protecting environmental features. 

Species survival can depend on?

preserve size and shape 

Ideally, a reserve should be large enough to?

support endangered species and keep ecosystems intact. 

Smaller reserves can be connected by?

corridors which allow movement between reserves.