AP World Chapter 28

Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze)

worked in French revolution, later fought for women’s rights - not successful

wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

enlightenment (late 17th cent - late 18th cent)

new idea: rational analysis of human behavior = insights about humans and nat world

basic def - use reason/natural laws

English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704)

Politics

• attacked divine right, vouched for constitutional gov

• helped w/ Glorious Revolution

Scottish philosopher - Adam Smith

focused on econ: capitalism guy

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

tried to est sci of politics

where was the center of the enlightenment

france! 🇫🇷

philosophes

ppl in enlightenment - not rly like modern philosophers

audience - educated ppl NOT scholars

Voltaire (1695 - 1778) (BIG GUY)

LOTS of writing w/ wit + irony

indiv freedom + attacked monarchies

HATED church

• basically held church responsible for everything

écrazes l’infame

deist

deist

most philosophes

believed God existed but denied supernatural christianity

universe = orderly

powerful God started universe + set nat laws but didn’t intervene

“watchmaker”

were philosophes optimistic

what was there ideology kinda based on

YES, believed sci advance human affairs = era of constant progress

progress

how did enlightenment change how people thought about the church

dec church influence

new secular values popped in

encouraged poli + culture leaders to actively make society better

historical societies were mostly…

settled, agri, monarchies

occasional small democracies, or nobles ruling

thru hist how did kings justify rule?

how did philosophes try to change this?

divine sanction, aligned with deities

• soo mostly religion

phils tried to make monarch responsible for ppl instead of attacking monarchy (bc that's dangerous)

what book did John Locke publish in 1690? (the famous one)

what it about

Second Treatise of Civil Government

gov has political rights but ppl have personal rights (life liberty property)

the ppl det the right to rule

individual freedom was what and what did phils think about it

what was thought about equality

don’t persecute reli minorites, censorship bad

allow people to have religious freedom

poli equality -

all indiv same under law

French Swiss thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

book

what did he believe

The Social Contract

identified with working class, resented rich

people should be same under law (political equality)

remember… most enlightenment thinkers were relatively well off

typically common birth, but comfy life

tried to limit pw of nobility but didn’t rly imagine slaves, women, ppl of color etc. to be same

enlightenment ideas spread naturally T/F

F 

people had to stand up and claim rights

original ideas served Euro/Ameri men trying for more power but ideas spread to groups like women and ppl of color

there were tons of signs ameri rev was gonna happen T/F?

F very sudden

bunch of happy Americans under Britain prospering after brits won 7 year war

but then….

ameri revolution causes

Ameris used to decent self autonomy

dist between Brits + US made it hard for Brits to be acc strict

colonies mostly all had their own mini gov

why did brits start taxing sm

finance difficulties from 7 yrs war

parliamentary taxes for the colonies

Sugar Act (1764) - affected molasses + alchohol

Stamp Act (1765)

Quartering Act (1765) - house troops

Townshend Act (1767) - diff imported items affected

Tea Act (1773)

what americans tried to fight back w/

• brits can’t js tax colonists extra

• “no taxation w/o representation”

• boycott brit products

• attacked Brit officials

• Boston Tea Party (1773)

Continental Congress (1774)

commitee coordinating resistance to Brit policies

when/where did revolutionary war start

1775 - Lexington (near Boston)

Declaration of Independence

July 4th, 1776

Locke based

• US = country

• complains about Brits

• rights

brits had lots of advantages

• strong gov

• most powerful navy in world

• overall colony pop unsure about revolting

  • political loyalties shifted in colonies thruout revolution

political loyalties

• patriots vs tories

• quakers

• native Americans + Afr Americans

patriot - support revolution (majority)

tories - brit support (20% of whites)

quakers - neutral

native/Afr Americans - divided

• went w/ whoever they thought would support their rights the most

brit disadvantages

ship supplies + reinforcements over ocean

other euros supported colonies 

• France, Spain, Netherlands, Germans

George Washington GREAT at war

american revolution war ending

1781 - Americans + French surround Brits at Yorktown, Virginia

21 day siege, Brits surrender in Oct

Sep 1783 - Peace of Paris = Brits formerly recognize US

1787 - Constitutional convention drafted constitution which emphasized rights of indiv….

indiv who were white and rich

landless men, women, slaves, indigenous ppl had to work hard for rights

French revolution MUCH MORE radical than American

however was highly influenced by americans

(Americans also couldn't have won independence w/o French)

why French rev more MORE than American rev

Americans: just wanted independence but ok to keep basics

French:

• get rid of ancien régime and replace it w/ new poli, social, and culture structure

• lacked self gov experience

ancien régime

“old order”

existing society

1780s - france has lots of money issues

lots of money go to war debt + french army

why did Louis XVI call the Estates General in May 1789

Louis trying to raise money so attempts to increase taxes on aristocrats

nobles no like so they force him

Estates General

assembly representing French through 3 estates

estate = political class

founded in 1303, had not met since 1614

what are the 3 estates

1. 100K Catholic clergy

2. 400K nobles

3. 24 mil everyone else

how was nat assembly formed

at estates general, 3rd estate demands reform

• most of 1st/2nd estate refuse

• June 17th, 1789 - 3rd estate leaves and makes Nat Assembly

3 days later - tennis court oath

14 July, 1789

Parisians storm Bastille for weapons

crowd hacks guards to death, prison commander’s head on pike

Bastille Day - big French holiday

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen promulgated in Aug 1789 by nat assembly

NEED TO KNOW THIS

influenced by US

nat assembly goals

“liberty, equality, and fraternity”

abolish old social order

• took church lands

• clergy = citizens

• king = less powerful

• men of property can vote

convention forms

nat assembly declares war against lots of other countries b/c those euros try to support king b/c they don’t want to lose power in own country

diff set of revolutionaries fears defeat + counterrevolution creates the Convention

what did the convention do

universal manhood suffrage

abolish monarchy, creates republic

levée en masse

rooted out enemies at home w/ guillotine

1793 - kills King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

leveé en masse

“mass levy”

universal conscription

worse part of revolution?

Reign of terror under max

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

(max)

leader of the Jacobins

ruled 1793+1794

NOT “incorruptible”

was head of committee of public safety

Jacobin beliefs

france needed complete redo

eliminate Christianity

• close churches

• married off priests

• “cult of reason'“

reorganized calendar

• Year 1 = declaration of 1st republic on 22 Sep 1792

encouraged citizens to wear working class clothes

increased women rights - inherit property, divorce but still no vote/poli

Reign of Terror - why so bad?

DEATH

killed ~40K ppl, imprisoned another 300K

• ex. killed Olympe de Gouges

The Directory arises

Jul 1794 - Max + allies arrested + killed

conservative rich guys take over

directory effective?

nah

better than before but too much wrong for them to fix

econ + mili problems

directory end

Napoleon takes over in Nov 1799

Napoleon Bonaparte early life

1769 - born in Corsica

rose to army general by 24

brilliant army commander

Napoleon makes a move (x1)

1799 - overthrows Directory, sets up the Consulate

1802 - crowns himself emperor

what Napoleon did with law

poli stability

Concordat 1801

peace with church in 1801 Concordat

• France keeps church land, but pays cleric

• Catholicism is preferred, but religious freedom still there

Civil Code 1804

helped stabilize France

poli/legal equality of all men

merit-based society

protected private property

allowed nobles to return and reclaim some land

confirmed lots of Nat Assembly’s Laws, retracted lots of Jacobin policy

restored patriarchal authority

became basis for lots of other places - ex. Quebec, Canada, Latin American places, Louisana, and other Euros

Napoleon liked equality but not freedom/democracy (obvi)

• censored all

• secret police force

• propaganda

• ignored elections

Napoleon’s conquerings

conquered Iberian, Italian peninsulas

occupied Netherlands

totally beat and forced Austrians, Prussians, and Russians into mili alliance

all starts to unravel in 1812 when he tries to invade Russia

Fall of Napoleon

brits, Austrians, Prussians, Russians go to France and force Napoleon to leave Apr 1814

they restored french monarchy

napoleon exiled to Elba

he escapes in Mar 1815

for 100 days rules France

Brits totally beat him at Waterloo

reexiled to St. Helena in S atlantic

dies 1821

why was Napoleon not killed

so he wouldn’t be come a martyr

I don't think this is imp I js kept wondering

french and ameri kinda set off other revolution

ex. Haiti, Latin America 

however in the newer revolutions they fought for more rights like women and slaves

only successful slave revolt in history

Haiti

where’s Haiti

Caribbean island Hispaniola

western half = Saint Domingue = Haiti = french

E = Santo Domingo = Spanish control

Saint Domingue as a Euro colony

RICH

sugar, coffee, cotton from there was ~1/3 france’s exports

Haitian demographics

40K white colonials

28K gens de couleur

500K slaves (mostly Afr born)

gens de coleur

french for “people of color”

mostly mulattoes some balck

mostly doing ok, not slaves

black and white tensions

slave treatment bad, mortality high

freq violence

white overseers always scared of rebellions

lots of maroons

main event right before Haitian revolution

French support N American colonists so governors in Saint-Domingue sent gens de couleur to fight in US independence

these ppl came back and decided to reform

french revolution year (review)

1789

b/c French rev whites in Saint-Domingue got power

May 1719 - civil war breaks out

whites vs gens de couleur

charismatic Voudou priest Boukman

organizes a slave revolt

Aug 1791 12K slaves start destroying whites

few weeks 100K slaves involved

all 3 groups fight each other

however, slaves come out on top (there’s a lot more of them)

• Boukman dies in this process

they also recruit maroons

french troops in 1792 stop stuff

but Brit and Spanish come in 1793 to benefit from france’s issues

Toussaint (1744-1803)

L'Ouverture “the opening”

son of slaves, educated, intelligent

free since 1776

Louverture’s work

1791 - helps masters escape, joins rebels

1793 - builds strong army

played Euros against each other while also beating other black/mulatto generals

1797 - army of 20K ctrls most of Haiti

1801 - promulgated constitution for equality and citizenship for all

• doesn't declare independence b/c Napoleon scary

Napoleon reacts

1802 - 40K troops

Toussaint attempts to be peaceful but he’s arrested and dies in a French jail

yellow fever kills French army

black generals defeat other troops and win

Haiti declares independence

1803

1/1/1804 named Haiti “land of mountains”

iberian colonies pop makeup

gov = peninsulares (30K)

but lots of powerful, wealthy creoles (10mil)

less privileged (10 mil)

• Brazil majority = black slaves

• elsewhere majority = indigenous + mixed

creoles wanted power

not equality for all but they just wanted to be the powerful ones instead of peninsulares

1810- 1825 they did this in all spa colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811)

symbol of Mexican independence

priest, got indigenous and mestizos to fight colonial rule

• used Virgin of Guadalupe

conservative creoles killed him

• became martyr

Mexico main holiday

Sep 16, 1810 - day Hidalgo revolted

1821 - Mexican independence

creole general Augustín de Iturbide declares independence

Iturbide declares himself emperor 1822

he sucks as gov leader so 1823 other creoles depose him and est republic

central american fed forms

1825 - s part of mexico leaves and form their own thing

later splits (this is basically central america)

Simón Bolívar (1783 - 1830)

from Caracas

likes enlightenment popular sovereignty ideas

1819 - gets colombia

later campaigns all over S America

Bolivar creole allies

Jose de San Martin - Argentina

Bernardo O’Higgins - Chile

when were Spanish armies + rules totally gone from S America

1825

Bolivar wanted a US of S America basically

what was this republic gonna be called?

Gran Colombia

1830 - fell apart, didn’t work

big region, too many opinions

Bolivar dies to self imposed exile in Europe

Brazilian independence

Same time as spa colonies independence but diff process

Napoleon invades Portugal 1807, royals flee to Rio de Janeiro

1821 - Portuguese kings goes back to Portugal leaves son Pedro in Brazil

creoles want independence Pedro agrees and becomes Emperor Pedro I

independence of colonies = little social change

peninsulares go back to euro

but society still very hierarchical

military authority goes to caudillos

slavery cont, catholicism still powerful

benefits went to creole elites

ideology

coherent vision of human nature, society, and world

proposes poli/social org as ideal

conservatism

no radical/revolutionary change

like American revolution b/c natural change

while french rev is irresponsible

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

english poli philosopher, conservatist

liberalism

like change

change = progress

to them conservatism = justification of status quo, maintain rich as rich

championed enlightenment ideals

liked republics, written constitutions

atlantic rev liberalism emphasized

civil rights

traditionally liberals minimized role of gov

end of 19th - flips = liberals want gov to fix problems

prominent liberalist

Eng philosopher, econ, social reformer

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

wanted universal suffrage

tried to make sure rich didn’t get too rich

suffrage

right to vote

big concern during + after revolution period

who working to end slave trade?

originally mostly former slaves like Olaudah Equiano

after revolutions shifts to Euro Christian moralists

leader of antislavery

will will

William Wilberforce

Eng philanthropist elected to Parliament in 1780

1807 parliament passes will’s bill to end slave trade

other euros + US bans slave trade in first half of 1800s

illegal trade cont until 1867