CAF 3 Data, Systems and Risks Flashcards

160 comprehensive question and answer flashcards covering data types, governance, management, and IT risks based on the ICAP CAF-3 study text.

What is the definition of data as per the CAP study text?

Data refers to raw facts, figures, or details collected from observations, measurements, or research used as input for processing and analysis.

What are the two primary classifications of data based on its nature?

Qualitative and Quantitative data.

How is Nominal Data defined within Qualitative classification?

It represents categories without any order or ranking, such as gender, marital status, and blood type.

What is Ordinal Data in the context of statistics?

Data that represents categories with a meaningful order or ranking, though intervals remain undefined, such as satisfaction levels.

What is the primary characteristic of Discrete Data?

It is countable and often represents whole numbers that cannot be subdivided, such as the number of students in a class.

How is Continuous Data described in Quantitative analysis?

It is measurable data that can take any value within a range, including decimals or fractions, such as weight or temperature.

What defines Structured Data in a Database Management System?

Information organized in a predefined format, typically stored in rows and columns, making it easy to query using standard tools like SQL.

What is the limitation of Unstructured Data in processing?

It does not have a predefined structure or format, making it more challenging to process and analyze using traditional tools.

Give an example of Semi-Structured Data.

XML ($Extensible Markup Language$), JSON ($JavaScript Object Notation$), or HTML ($HyperText Markup Language$).

Define the process of Sentiment Analysis.

The use of computational tools to identify and classify the emotional tone of text as positive, negative, or neutral.

What does NLP stand for in Artificial Intelligence?

$Natural Language Processing$.

What is the function of Tags and Markers in data organization?

They label parts of data or show the beginning/end of sections to make data easier to understand.

Define Data Quality.

The degree to which data is accurate, complete, reliable, relevant, and timely for its intended use.

What is the origin of Internal Data within an organization?

It comes from within an organization and is specific to its operations, such as sales records or employee data.

What is an API in the context of social media data collection?

An $Application Programming Interface$, which provides a set of rules allowing software applications to communicate and access specific data.

Define Primary Data Sources.

Information collected firsthand for a specific purpose through methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments.

What constitutes Secondary Data Sources?

Information collected by someone else for a different purpose but repurposed for current analysis, such as government statistics.

What are the four key ethical principles in data collection?

Privacy, Transparency, Security, and Fairness.

What does PECA $2016$ refer to in Pakistan's regulatory framework?

The $Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act$, which criminalizes unauthorized access to personal data.

What is the legal impact of the Electronic Transactions Ordinance ($ETO$) $2002$?

It recognizes the legal validity of electronic documents and transactions, forming the basis for digital trust.

Define Data Governance.

The creation and enforcement of policies, procedures, standards, and roles to manage data throughout its lifecycle.

What are the core components of the Data Governance Framework?

Minimize Risks, Establish Internal Rules, Implement Compliance, Improve Communication, Increase Data Value, Facilitate Administration, and Reduce Costs.

What is the responsibility of a Data Owner?

Senior individuals responsible for specific data domains who have the authority to decide how data is used to support business objectives.

Define the role of a Data Steward.

Operational custodians focusing on day-to-day management to ensure data is accurate, available, and properly documented.

What is Metadata?

$Data about data$, describing the origin, format, definitions, usage, and relationships of data elements.

List the five stages of Data Lifecycle Management ($DLM$).

Creation/Acquisition, Storage, Usage, Archiving, and Deletion/Disposal.

What is the focus of the Strategic Level of Data Governance?

Defining the overarching vision, goals, and policies that align with the organization's broader business objectives.

What characterizes the Tactical Level of data governance?

Translating the strategic vision into actionable implementation plans, processes, and role assignments.

What is RBAC in the context of operational data controls?

$Role-Based Access Control$, where access is granted based on a user's specific role in an organization.

Define Data Lineage.

The history or lifecycle of data showing how it moves and transforms from source to destination.

What is Public Data classification?

Information that can be openly shared without risk, such as marketing materials or press releases.

Define Confidential Data classification.

Sensitive information requiring restricted access, such as customer records or trade secrets.

What is Restricted Data classification?

Highly sensitive data with strict legal obligations, such as $Personally Identifiable Information$ ($PII$) or health records.

Contrast On-Premises Storage and Cloud Storage.

On-premises is stored on physical servers owned by the organization; Cloud storage is on remote servers managed by third-party providers like AWS.

Define Edge Storage.

Storing data closer to where it is generated, such as on $IoT$ devices, to reduce latency.

What are Data Lakes?

Centralized repositories for storing raw, unstructured, and structured data at scale.

What is Physical Integrity in data management?

Protecting data from physical disruptions such as hardware failures or power outages.

Define Entity Integrity within a database.

Ensuring each record in a database is uniquely identifiable using primary keys.

What is a Primary Key?

A unique identifier for each row in a table that cannot contain $NULL$ values.

What is a Foreign Key?

A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table to enforce a link between them.

Define Multi-Factor Authentication ($MFA$).

A security method requiring two or more verification factors, such as a password and an $SMS$ code.

What is zero-day exploit protection in a defense context?

A security approach targeting vulnerabilities unknown to the software vendor.

Define Zero Trust Architecture.

A security model that assumes no one can be trusted by default, requiring continuous verification and strict identity management.

What is Federated Learning?

An $ML$ approach where models are trained across decentralized devices without exchanging the actual data.

Define Data Analytics.

The process of examining datasets to uncover trends, patterns, and insights to inform decision-making.

List the seven stages of the Data Analytics Cycle.

Data Collection, Data Cleaning, Data Exploration, Data Modelling, Interpretation, Decision-Making, and Monitoring/Optimization.

What is the purpose of Data Cleaning?

Removing inconsistencies, handling missing data, and correcting errors to ensure accuracy for analysis.

Define Descriptive Analytics.

Analysis focused on summarizing historical data to understand what has happened over a specific period.

What question does Diagnostic Analytics answer?

$$Why did it happen?$$

Define Predictive Analytics.

The use of historical data and machine learning models to forecast future outcomes.

What is Prescriptive Analytics?

Advanced analysis that recommends specific actions to optimize outcomes based on predictions.

Define Big Data.

Massive volumes of structured and unstructured data generated at high velocity from diverse sources.

List the $5 Vs$ of Big Data.

Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, and Value.

What does Veracity refer to in Big Data?

The accuracy and trustworthiness of the data.

Define Velocity in the context of Big Data.

The high speed at which data is generated and the need for processing in real-time or near-real-time.

What is Web Scraping?

The process of extracting data from websites and storing it for further analysis.

Define Log Files as a source of Big Data.

Records generated by servers or applications containing information about user interactions and system performance.

What is Predictive Maintenance in manufacturing?

Analyzing sensor data from machines to predict maintenance needs and reduce downtime.

Which distributed system is often used for Big Data storage?

$Apache Hadoop$ or $Spark$.

Define a Database Management System ($DBMS$).

Software that enables the creation, management, and use of databases to handle structured or unstructured information.

What is the function of the DBMS Query Processor?

Interprets and executes database queries written in $SQL$ and optimizes them for performance.

What properties are managed by the DBMS Transaction Manager?

$ACID$ properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

In the ACID model, what does Atomicity guarantee?

Ensures all operations within a transaction are completed successfully or none of them are.

Define Consistency in the ACID model.

Ensures a database transitions from one valid state to another, maintaining all integrity constraints.

Define Isolation in the context of database transactions.

Ensures concurrent transactions occur without interference until the first transaction is completed.

What does Durability ensure in a DBMS?

Guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its effects are permanently saved even in the event of a crash.

What is Logical Data Independence?

The ability to change the logical schema of a database without affecting application programs or the external schema.

Define Physical Data Independence.

The ability to change the physical storage structure without affecting the logical schema or access applications.

List the three levels of the ANSI/SPARC DBMS architecture.

External Level, Conceptual Level, and Internal Level.

What is the External Level in DBMS architecture?

The highest level of abstraction, describing how data is perceived by individual users (User View).

What is the Conceptual Level in DBMS architecture?

Defines the overall logical structure of the entire database, including entities and relationships.

What is the Internal Level in DBMS architecture?

The lowest level, dealing with physical storage on disk, indexing, and block organization.

Define Database Normalization.

A systematic process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and ensure data integrity within a relational database.

What is the goal of First Normal Form ($1NF$)?

Eliminate repeating groups and ensure each column contains indivisible (atomic) values.

What is Required for Second Normal Form ($2NF$)?

The table must be in $1NF$ and remove all partial dependencies.

Define Third Normal Form ($3NF$).

The table must be in $2NF$ and eliminate transitive dependencies where non-primary keys depend on other non-primary keys.

What are the four characteristics of a Data Warehouse?

Subject-Oriented, Integrated, Time-Variant, and Non-Volatile.

What does OLTP stand for?

$Online Transaction Processing$, optimized for real-time transaction handling.

Contrast OLTP with Data Warehousing.

$OLTP$ handles real-time dataset updates; Data Warehousing focuses on historical data analysis.

Define the ETL process.

$Extract, Transform, Load$: gathering raw data, cleaning it, and moving it into a warehouse.

What is a Data Mart?

A subset of a data warehouse tailored to a specific business unit or subject area like marketing.

In IT Systems Architecture, differentiate between System Software and Application Software.

System Software manages hardware (e.g., Windows); Application Software helps users perform tasks (e.g., SAP ERP).

What is Middleware?

Software that connects different applications and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data.

Define a Local Area Network ($LAN$).

A network that connects devices within a limited area, such as an office or building.

What is the difference between Horizontal and Vertical Scaling?

Horizontal scaling adds more machines (scale-out); Vertical scaling adds resources like $RAM$ or $CPU$ to an existing machine (scale-up).

Define Modular Design in IT architecture.

Breaking a system into independent components or microservices to enhance flexibility and maintenance.

What is a Failover Mechanism?

An automated process that switches to a backup system when the primary system fails.

What is Kubernetes used for?

Containerization and management for cloud-native architectures.

Define Edge Computing.

Processing and storing data closer to the source of generation to reduce latency and bandwidth usage.

List four types of Programming Languages based on abstraction.

Low-Level, High-Level, Scripting, and Domain-Specific Languages ($DSLs$).

Why is Python popular for AI development?

Because of its clear syntax and extensive libraries like $NumPy$ and $TensorFlow$.

What is the 'write once, run anywhere' capability of Java?

The ability to execute code on any platform using the $Java Virtual Machine$ ($JVM$).

Define Enterprise Resource Planning ($ERP$) systems.

Integrated software platforms used to manage and automate core business functions like finance, $HR$, and supply chain.

List eight key components of an ERP system.

Financial Management, HRM, SCM, CRM, Manufacturing, Inventory Management, Procurement, and Project Management.

What is the function of the ERP Financial Management module?

Manages a company's transactions, general ledger, budgeting, and financial reporting.

What are the seven stages of the ERP Implementation Cycle?

Planning, System Design, Data Migration, Testing, Training, Go-Live, and Post-Implementation Support.

What is a Gap Analysis in ERP implementation?

Comparing current business processes with those required for the future system.

Define On-Premise ERP.

ERP systems installed and operated on servers within the organization's physical premises.

What defines a Hybrid ERP model?

Combines on-premise solutions for sensitive data with cloud services for less critical functions.

What is a Core Banking System ($CBS$)?

A specialized platform designed for day-to-day banking operations like account management and transactions.