Philippine Politics and Governance - Vocabulary Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary review set covering key definitions of politics, governance, political ideologies, dimensions of power, and types of power from the lecture.

Politics

The study of who gets what, when, and how; the exercise of power, science of government, making of collective decisions, allocation of scarce resources, practice of deception and manipulation, and the nature, structure, and functions of the State.

Political Philosophy

A field of study that has a speculative and normative character in so far as it is a discourse on what society ought to be.

Political Science

A discipline that is empirical and analytical in so far as it describes and defines the structure and behavior of political institutions.

Governance

The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).

Ideology

A systematic body of concepts about human life or culture, or a set of cultural beliefs, values, and attitudes that underlie and justify either the status quo or movements for social change.

Political Ideology

A set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual, group, or social class that forms the basis of how they view the world and the proper role of government.

Liberalism

A major political ideology and philosophy focused on individualism, self-reliance, personal responsibility, equality before the law, limited government, belief in progress, and the protection of political and civil liberties.

Socialism

An economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services, opposing capitalism, and emphasizing cooperation and social equality to achieve social stability.

Conservatism

A political philosophy derived from 'conservation' that supports the status quo, emphasizes tradition and established institutions, gives greater attention to social entities than individuals, and advocates change only in moderation.

Social Democracy

A moderate or reformist brand of socialism that supports a balance between major capitalism and state intervention rather than the complete abolition of capitalism.

Communism

An extreme left-wing economic, social, and political system based on the revolutionary teachings of Karl Marx, seeking government ownership of the means of production, collective ownership, and a planned economy where each works according to ability and receives according to needs.

Fascism

A modern political ideology that seeks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country based on a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity, while rejecting liberal ideas and elements of democracy.

Power

The ability to get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth Boulding stated, 'the ability to change the future.'

First Dimension of Power

Proposed by theorists such as Dahl, this 'open face' of power is direct, focused on decision-making, and involves one person achieving compliance from others who change their behavior as a result of the power exerted.

Second Dimension of Power

Proposed by Bachrach and Baratz, this 'secretive face' of power focuses on setting the agenda and controlling the context within which decisions are made behind closed doors.

Third Dimension of Power

Proposed by Lukes, this 'deceptive face' of power uses trickery, propaganda, spin, and psychological manipulation to shape what people think is 'right' so they accept biased decisions without question.

Coercive Power

A form of power that involves the application of negative influences, threats, and punishments to force obedience, which tends to build resentment and resistance.

Reward Power

Power dependent on the wielder's ability to confer valued material rewards, perks, promotions, or pay increases to influence others.

Legitimate Power

Also known as positional power, this formal authority emanates from an official position held within an organization, bureaucracy, or government.

Expert Power

A specific, personal form of power stemming from high-quality skills and specialized knowledge possessed by an individual that meets organizational needs.

Referent Power

Power based on the charisma, personal traits, and interpersonal skills of an individual that attract others, build loyalty, and inspire followers to identify with them.