Ap human geo unit 4 chapter2

quick answer questions

doubling time (DT)

Study Guide) Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR) of a defined group of people.

At a country or region scale, what can a high RNI indicate?

Rapid population growth, but because it doesn't take migration into account, RNI doesn't tell the whole story of an area's growth or decline.

Study Guide) Population-Doubling Time (DT)

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double.

Urbanization

The growth and development of cities.

What are the factors that influence population growth and decline?

Economic factors, political factors, environmental factors, cultural factors, the changing role of females

An economic factor is:

The strength of a country or region's economy (impact on fertility and morality), access to health care (key factor in fertility and mortality/infant mortality: wealthier countries can provide better access to health care, advanced medical treatments, good nutrition, and clean water; can help prevent or cure disease and lower CDR), and families' decisions about childbearing & fertility rates (families tend to be larger in agriculturally based economies, where children are considered essential for labor while in indusal and post-industrial economies, children may be viewed as an economic burden/lower CBR)

Why would the lack of strength of a country or region's economy have an impact on fertility and morality?

Birth rates tend to decline in times of economic hardship, particularly if people are concerned about having sufficient food and resources to support their children, concerned about healthcare, and concerned about how more or less kids can positively or negatively impact their living situations.

Why would the strength of a country or region's economy have an impact on fertility and morality?

Birth rates often rise during more prosperous times, when people are feeling optimistic about their future.

Some political factors are:

War, peace, and government policy (at different times, governments in different parts of the world have adopted measures attempting to control the rate of population growth in their countries) (the onset of peace after a long war can cause a spike in population)

Some environmental factors are:

Natural disasters (lives lost), famine and the spread of deadly disease (lives lost), famine often caused by drought, a natural disaster, or by political factors (affect a pop. through deaths by starvation and lowering of fertility rates due to poor maternal health, and environmental factors (encourage migration)

Some cultural factors are:

Expectations (depending on if you're expected to marry before a certain age and have a big family), family planning (if your culture is open to or against birth control), education (more info results in fewer infant deaths (IMR), a lower CDR, and a greater life expectancy)

Some factors of the changing role of females are:

Social, economic, & political roles for women.

Why do the changing roles of females influenced patterns of fertility?

As more women work full time, many of them put off having children. (Their improved decision making power and the availability of birth control contributes to a lower birth rate) (Gender division can limit womens' education opportunities, and their rights) (Many women who are discouraged from working outside of their homes and are encouraged to take care of the elderly in their homes are known to have chronic stress, which contributes to poor health outcomes for caregivers) (Greater political power for women correlates with a lower infant mortality rate)

Overpopulation

A term used to describe a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity.

Study Guide) Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Represents the shifts in growth that the world's populations have undergone-- and are still experiencing-- over time. It is based on pop. trends related to birth rate and death rate, and each stage of the model is characterized by the relationship between these two factors.

Why do geographers use DTM?

To better understand the relative stability of a population, and in particular, the factors that have contributed to population growth.

Limitations/criticism of DTM? (pg.95)

It's based solely on the experience of Western Europe and may not be applicable to other parts of the world (particularly those that do not undergo the dramatic changes of rapid industrialization), and that it contributes to misleading interpretations of the daa, implying causes and effects that may not exist

Study Guide) Epidemiological Transition (ETM)

Describes changed in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death. (The stages of the ETM do not correspond to the stages of the DTM. ETM is an independent model incorporating cause-of-death patterns to explain population growth and decline.)

What is epidemiological transition?

The process by which a country or society goes from having high mortality rates as a result of infant mortality and episodes of famine or disease to having lower mortality rates that reflect longer lifespans and deaths due to diseases that largely affect the elderly.

Limitations of ETM?

it focuses only on health-related factors and almost exclusively on disease, it oversimplifies the causes and patterns of disease and mortality (which do not fit neatly into historical periods or geographic locations), the model fails to adequately distinguish the risk of dying from a specific cause or from a combination of causes and makes assumptions about the impact of certain causes of death on overall mortality, it overlooks the role poverty plays in determining disease risk and mortality, it doesn't address changes in how people live (new patterns in food consumption & other lifestyle choices often have unpredictable consequences for health and thus aren't accounted for in the model: Which areas eat more processed foods?)

Study Guide) Malthusian Theory

Malthus interpreted the rising life expectancy and lower death rate as a sign that the world's population would grow exponentially--that is, that it would expand at an ever-increasing rate. At the same time, he observed that food productivity was growing more slowly at an arithmetic, or constant, rate. Malthus speculated that Britain's accelerated population growth would contribute to a food shortage nad famine by the late 1800s.

Overpopulation

A term coined by Malthus to describe a population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity.

How did Malthus believe population should be controlled?

He believed it was critical fro people to prevent the impending population explosion by lowering the birth rate through what he called "moral restraint"--delaying marriage and childbirth.

Neo-Malthusian

A new school of thought that raises concerns about sustainable use of the planet, claiming that Earth's resources can only support a finite population.

What do Neo-Malthusians believe?

That today's declining trends in fertility and crude birth rates will be reversed in some countries. They believe growing populations may bring about increasingly unsustainable development.

Study Guide) Pronatalist

Government policies enacted to encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth. (to address concerns about an aging population, concerns about the size of the workforce and its ability to meet future economic needs as older workers retire, and ideas about stronger birth rates correlating to a stronger economy and family promoting well-being.)

How are pronatalist policies enforced?

They're generally fueled by a sense of ethnic or national pride and tend to succeed where there is a strong sense of nationalism or anti-immigration sentiment.

What are some pronatalist policies?

Financial support (free daycare), time off of work

Study Guide) Antinatalist

Government policies enacted to curb population growth by discouraging citizens from having children. (usually a reaction to concerns about population growth exceeding resources.)

What are some antinatalist policies?

Contraception education, family planning support, financial incentives, (very little, and little impact on the total population growth, but) forced sterilization.

Land Degradation

Long term damage to the soil's ability to support life.

What are some examples of land degradation?

Soil exhaustion--the depletion of nutrients in soil that has been farmed too long or too intensively-- and deforestation caused by communities clearing wooded land for farming, homes, and infrastructure. (the cutting of rainforests can lead to severe droughts that can cause widespread hunger and famine) (Increases of solid surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and buildings prevent rain from soaking into the soil, creating problems with water runoff and increasing the risk of flooding. (West Africa)

Are all consequences of rapid population growth negative?

No

Why aren't all consequences of rapid population growth negative?

High fertility rates of families working in the agriculture sector have increased the labor force and enhanced productivity, enabling the country to prevent famine and malnutrition. (Nigeria)

Study Guide) Contraception

Study Guide) Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Study Guide) Migration

Study Guide) Push Factors

Study Guide) Pull Factors

Study Guide) Intervening Opportunities

Study Guide) Intervening Obstacles

Study Guide) Forced Migration

Study Guide) Slavery

Study Guide) Refugees

Study Guide) Internally Displaced Persons

Study Guide) Asylum Seekers

Study Guide) Voluntary Migration

Study Guide) Transnational Migration

Study Guide) Transhumance

Study Guide) Internal Migration

Study Guide) Chain Migration

Study Guide) Step Migration

Study Guide) Rural-to-Urban Migration

Study Guide) Guest Worker