Untitled Flashcards Set apeuro vocab

Aristotelian World View

The belief that the Earth is motionless and fixed at the center of the universe, with God beyond.

Francis Bacon

An English politician and writer who formalized the empirical method and emphasized inductive reasoning in science.

Tycho Brahe

Europe's foremost astronomer in the late 16th century known for detailed observations of a new star in 1572.

Robert Boyle

A physicist who argued that nothing can be known beyond all doubt.

Andrew Celsius

The inventor of the Celsius temperature scale.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The Polish clergyman who proposed the heliocentric theory, stating that the Sun is the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Theory

The astronomical model in which the Sun is positioned at the center of the universe.

Geocentric Theory

The outdated astronomical model where the Earth is considered the center of the universe.

Rene Descartes

A French philosopher known for discovering analytical geometry and advocating for deductive reasoning.

Deductive Reasoning

The logical process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion.

Inductive Reasoning

A method of reasoning in which general principles are derived from specific observations.

Discourse on Methods

A work by Descartes that emphasizes deductive reasoning.

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge is derived from sensory experience, often associated with Bacon's inductive reasoning.

Gabriel Fahrenheit

The creator of the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

Galileo Galilei

An astronomer who developed the modern experimental method and discovered Jupiter's moons.

William Harvey

The Englishman who recognized that blood circulates throughout the body.

Carl Linnaeus

The naturalist who developed a systematic method to classify and name living organisms.

Natural Law

The belief in a universal law that can be understood using reason, enabling self-governance.

Isaac Newton

An English scientist known for formulating the three laws of motion and the principles of natural philosophy.

Ptolemy’s System

An ancient astronomical model that accommodated a place for God and included complex rules to explain planetary motion.

Discourses on the Origin of Inequalities

A work by Rousseau that explores the concept of human innocence corrupted by society.

Voltaire

A leading French Enlightenment thinker who emphasized reason and criticized organized religion.

Deism

A belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its workings.

Enlightened despot

An absolute ruler influenced by Enlightenment ideas, exemplified by figures like Catherine the Great.

Humanitarianism

An ideology focused on promoting human welfare and social reform.

Second Treatise of Government

A book written by Locke asserting that government should protect life, liberty, and property.

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Locke's work proposing the tabula rasa theory, suggesting individuals are born as blank slates.

Rococo

An ornate art style characterized by pastel colors and sentimental themes.

The Spirit of Laws

A treatise by Montesquieu discussing the separation of powers in government.

The Social Contract

A work by Rousseau outlining ideas for political reform based on the ancient Greek polis.

Candide

A satirical novel by Voltaire critiquing society and organized religion.

Montesquieu

A French philosopher advocating for the separation of powers and the phrase 'Power checks power'.

John Locke

Philosopher who believed in the tabula rasa theory, asserting that the environment shapes human experience.

Thomas Hobbes

A philosopher who supported absolutism and claimed that life in a state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.'

Leviathan

A work by Hobbes arguing that sovereignty originates from the people's consent to be governed.