Untitled Flashcards Set apeuro vocab

Aristotelian World View Motionless earth was fixed at the center of the universe, God was beyond.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum

Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed

observations of new star of 1572.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.

Andrew Celsius Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went

around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.

Heliocentric Theory - Sun is the center of the universe. Copernican.

Geocentric Theory - Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Deductive Reasoning Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on

facts. Combined with empiricism to create the scientific method.

Inductive Reasoning Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations.

Discourse on Methods Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.

Empiricism Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.

Gabriel Fahrenheit Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.

Galileo Galilei Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter’s moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

William Harvey Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.

Carl Linnaeus System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.

Natural Law Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.

Isaac Newton English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687).

Ptolemy’s System Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets.

Discourses on the Origin of Inequalities Rousseau, discuss the innocence man and his corruption by
society.

Voltaire French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Deism God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.

Enlightened despot Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great.

Humanitarianism Promoting human welfare and social reform.

Second Treatise of Government Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property.

Essay Concerning Human Understanding Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory

Rococo Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits.

The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu, about separation of powers.

The Social Contract Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the

Greek polis.

Candide Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.

Montesquieu French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.

John Locke Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development,

(tabula rasa). Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government.

Thomas Hobbes Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Leviathan Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.