History of Canada: From Confederation to the Great Depression and World War II

Flashcards covering Canadian history from the Seven Years' War to World War II, including indigenous policy, confederation, and immigration.

Between which years did the Seven Years' War occur between Britain and France?

$1756$-$63$

Which British general defeated the French under the Marquis de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham in $1759$?

General James Wolfe

In what year did New France surrender to the British?

$$1760$$

Which treaty in $1763$ confirmed British possession of New France and created British North America?

Treaty of Paris

What document in $1763$ installed British political institutions in Quebec and created an "Indian territory"?

Royal Proclamation

The Royal Proclamation of $1763$ created an "Indian territory" for First Nations west of which mountain range?

Appalachian Mountains

Between which years did the American War of Independence occur, leading to the arrival of the United Empire Loyalists?

$1779$-$1783$

What act in $1791$ created Upper and Lower Canada and gave each province a legislative assembly?

Constitution Act

Which church was given a council in Upper Canada under the Constitution Act of $1791$?

Anglican Church

During the War of $1812$-$15$, which group of indigenous warriors helped the British resist the American invasion?

Haudenosaunee

What did the Proclamation of $1763$ explicitly state about First Nations people and their lands?

They retained all lands not ceded or purchased from them.

What two things did the colonial and later Canadian governments believe were necessary for First Nations assimilation?

Christian culture and education.

List four diseases that contributed to the decline of First Nations numbers in the $19$th century.

Tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, and scarlet fever.

How did the British colonial government view First Nations people after the War of $1812$?

As an impediment or obstacle to white expansion westward.

Approximately how many British people emigrated to North America between $1815$ and $1850$?

$$1,000,000$$

What group of English stockholders received a block of $1,000,000$ acres in Western Upper Canada?

The Canada Company

What was the purpose of the "Indian policy" developed by Canadian governments before and after $1867$?

To clear the land of indigenous people.

Between $1815$ and $1827$, how many treaties did Britain sign to gain access to arable land in southern Ontario?

$$7$$

In terms of payment, what change occurred in treaty policy to make it cheaper for the British?

From single payment to annuities.

In $1830$, where was the Ojibwe nation forced to move from the Bruce Peninsula?

Manitoulin Island

What type of government is characterized by a preindustrial elite controlling the executive branch with an assembly that has virtually no power?

Oligarchy

In Lower Canada (Quebec), what was the name of the governing elite?

Chateau Clique

What was the name of the governing elite in Upper Canada (Ontario)?

Family Compact

What environmental factor contributed to the near starvation of the population prior to the $1837$ rebellions?

Several years of short harvests.

What disease, brought by emigration, killed many French Canadians prior to the rebellion of $1837$?

Cholera

Who was the leader of the rebels known as the Patriotes in Lower Canada?

Louis Joseph Papineau

What specific type of government was a main demand of the elected bourgeoisie in $1837$?

Responsible government

Who was the leader of the Upper Canada rebellion and the first mayor of Toronto in $1834$?

William Lyon Mackenzie

Where did Mackenzie's "army" meet to march down Yonge Street on December $7$, $1837$?

Montgomery's Tavern

What was the total number of arrests made following the rebellions of $1837$?

$$885$$

What was the nickname given to Lord Durham?

Radical Jack

What were the two main recommendations of Durham's Report?

The Union of the Canadas and responsible government.

Lord Durham famously described the situation in Lower Canada as what?

"Two nations warring in the bosom of a single state."

What was the specific aim of Lord Durham's recommendation to unite the Canadas?

Assimilating the French Canadians.

What act in $1841$ created the United Province of Canada?

Act of Union

In the Act of Union, which regions were given equal representation despite population differences?

Canada East and Canada West

Who were the two lead reformers who formed an alliance to win responsible government in $1848$?

Robert Baldwin and Lewis Hippolytes LaFontaine

When did the Canadas achieve responsible government and parliamentary democracy?

$$1848$$

What term describes the situation where alliances in the legislature meant no one had enough power to pass legislation?

Political deadlock

In the late $1850$s, the Canadas feared the expansionism of the US after it attained land from which country?

Mexico

In $1875$, which city (originally called Bytoen) was selected to become the new capital?

Ottawa

What was the demand in Canada West to eliminate the disparity in number of elected officials?

"Rep by pop" (Representation by population)

Who was the Finance Minister and major investor in the Grand Trunk Railway?

Alexander Galt

What was the primary financial motivation for confederation in $1864$?

To have a larger tax base to get out of financial mess/debt.

Who approached Cartier and Macdonald in $1863$ with the idea of a "Great Coalition"?

George Brown

What were the dates of the Charlottetown Conference?

September $1$-$9$, $1864$

How did the delegates from the Canadas arrive at the Charlottetown Conference?

By steamboat with a boatload of champagne.

When did the Quebec Conference take place?

October $12$-$27$, $1864$

What term did the BNA Act use to describe Canada, implying it was under the administration of Britain?

Dominion

What phrase from Section $91$ of the BNA Act became a motto for Canada?

"For the peace order and good government of Canada"

Which incident involved Confederate agents robbing banks in Vermont and fleeing back into Canada in $1864$?

The St. Alban's raids

What was the value of the American money stolen during the St. Alban's raids?

$$200,000$$

What treaty did President Abraham Lincoln threaten to revoke following the St. Alban's raid?

Reciprocity Treaty of $1854$

Under the Quebec Conference agreement, how many members would the House of Commons have based on Rep by Pop?

$$194$$

How many Senate members were allocated to Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and the Maritime provinces each?

$24$ members each

What was the official proclamation date of the British North America Act by the British Parliament?

July $1$st, $1867$

In $1869$, which company sold Rupert's Land to the Canadian government?

Hudson's Bay Company

How many "numbered treaties" were negotiated with First Nations in the west between $1871$ and $1921$?

$$11$$

Which specific numbered treaty covers lands in Alberta and Saskatchewan and was signed in $1876$?

Treaty $6$

Name the Cree Chief of Treaty $6$ who resisted signing until his people were starving.

Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear)

Name the leading Blackfoot chief who compared the land to a piece of pemmican.

Poundmaker

What was the name of the young warrior who led the killing of $10$ white residents in the Frog Lake area in $1885$?

Wandering Spirit

On what date did Big Bear surrender to the Canadian military?

July $2$nd, $1885$

What charge was used to send Big Bear and Poundmaker to prison in $1885$?

Treason felony

In $2024$, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered compensation for a breach of which $1850$ treaties?

Robinson Treaties

In which year was the Indian Act passed by the federal government?

$$1876$$

What was the fundamental purpose of the Indian Act of $1876$?

Assimilation

Which Canadian Prime Minister's government revoked the right of First Nations men to vote in $1898$?

Wilfred Larrier

What white supremacist movement in Ontario (circa $1888$-$1874$) based nationality on race and geography?

Canada First movement

By the end of the Canadian Pacific Railway construction, what percentage of the workforce was Chinese?

$75$%

What was the minimum number of Chinese labourers who died during the construction of the CPR?

$$600$$

How much was the head tax on Chinese immigrants raised to eventually?

$$500$$

In what year did the federal government pass the Chinese Immigration Act (Chinese Exclusion Act) banning all Chinese immigrants?

$$1923$$

Which bank president headed the CPR alongside Donald Smith of the Hudson Bay Co?

George Stephan

Which Minister of Immigration ($1905$-$1911$) argued that Canadian nationality could not be built with classes that deteriorate the population?

Frank Oliver

Who was the Minister of Immigration in $1901$ who favored Eastern European immigrants in "sheepskin coats"?

Clifford Sifton

What was the name of the ship carrying $376$ people from India that was turned away from Vancouver in $1914$?

Komagata Maru

What date did Britain (and subsequently Canada) enter World War I?

August $4$, $1914$

On what date did World War I end?

November $11$, $1918$

What was the name of the defective rifle given to Canadian soldiers early in World War I?

Ross rifle

How many Canadian soldiers had died by the end of World War I?

$$60,000$$

What famous poem was written by Canadian physician John Macrae during World War I?

In Flanders Fields

By $1930$, what percentage of radio programs listened to by Canadians were American?

$80$%

What iconic $1920$s figure symbolized freedom for women, featuring makeup, short skirts, and bobbed hair?

The flapper

What date is known as "Black Monday," when the US Stock Market crashed?

October $28$th, $1929$

Between $1929$ and $1933$, by what percentage did Canada's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fall?

$30$%

By $1933$, what percentage of the Canadian workforce was unemployed?

$25$% to $30$%

What is the name of the economic theory, favored after the Depression, that advocates for government roles in the economy?

Keynesian economics

Between $1929$ and $1935$, to what number did the total of accepted immigrants to Canada drop from $169,000$?

$$12,000$$

In June $1937$, which Canadian Prime Minister visited Berlin and praised Hitler?

William Lyon Mackenzie King

On what date did Canada declare war on Germany in World War II?

September $10$, $1939$

What was the name of the ship carrying Jewish refugees that was turned away by Canada in $1939$?

SS St. Louis

How many Canadian troops were sent to defend Hong Kong in November $1941$?

Nearly $2,000$

In February $1942$, Prime Minister Mackenzie King ordered the removal of all Japanese nationals within how many miles of the west coast?

$100$ miles ($160$ km)

What was the total number of Japanese Canadians (citizens and aliens) forced into internment camps?

$$22,000$$

What was the name of the agricultural fairgrounds in Vancouver where $2,500$ Japanese people were initially moved?

Hastings Park

Which Prime Minister formally apologized to Japanese Canadians in $1988$?

Brian Mulroney

What was the compensation amount authorized for each survivor of Japanese Canadian wartime detention in $1988$?

$$21,000$$

Who is the author of the short story "As It Was In The Beginning"?

E. Pauline Johnson

What term refers to the policy of protecting the interests of native-born inhabitants against immigrants?

Nativism