Chapter 1 Major Themes of A&P

Palpation inspection

Feelings with hands

auscultation

listening to sounds

Percussion

tapping

Cadaver Dissection

Cutting and Seperation of tissues to reveal relationships

Exploratory surgery

open the body

Medical imagining

or radiology - viewing the body without surgery

gross anatomy

study structure that can be seen with the naked eye

histology

examination of cells with microscope

Histopathology

microscopic examination of tissues for disease

vestigial organs

remnants of organs that were functional for ancestors but no longer serve a purpose

Reductionism

theory that a large, system like the human body can be understood by studying simpler components

Holism

there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from seperate parts

Homeostasis

bodies ability to detect change and activate mechanism that oppose to maintain stable conditions

Negative Feedback Loops

Body senses change and activates mechanisms to reverse them

The brain senses change in blood temperature

if too warm vessels dilate (vasodilation) in the skin, and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)

Baroreceptors

sensory nerve ending in the arteries near the heart alert the cardiac center in the brains stem

Cardiac Center

sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the blood pressure to normal to regulate the heart rate

What type of feedback?

Negative feedback.

receptor

senses change in the body stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure

Integrating control center

processes the sensory information to make the decision to direct response

Effector

carries out final corrective action to restore homeostasis in a negative feedback

positive feedback

leads to greater change in the same direction and the loop is repeated

During childbirth, the head of the fetus pushes against the cervix and stimulates its nerve endings the hormone oxytocin is secreted from the pituitary gland, oxytocin travels through the bloodstream to the uterus, stimulating it the cervix more, causing the

Positive Feedback

Gradient

difference in chemical concentration charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.

Matter and Energy tend to flow——- Gradients

Down

Chemicals , Partical in electrical gradient, and heat in thermal gradients

In a gradient from high to low concentration

radiography X-ray

penetrate tissues to darken film beneath body to view bones

angiography

imagining to view blood vessels by contrast (dye material) and x-rays

Looking for narrowed or blocked coronary arteries

angriogram

Computed Tomography

multiple x-ray images and computers to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body

Scan the head to check for serious injuries and internal bleeding after serious accident

CT Scan

MRI Magenetic resonance imagining

uses strong magnetic feild and radio waves to create detailed image of soft tissue

detailed scanning of ligaments and cartilage

MRI scan

PET- Positron Emission Tomography scane

using radioactive tracer to show how tissues and organ are functioning

Seeking to look at active cancer in th ebody

PET scan

Sonography (ultrasound)

high frequency sounds waves to create image of structure in the body