atom
Basic unit of matter and smallest part of an element
3 sub-atomic particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
proton (+)
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron (neutral)
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
electron (-)
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge and found orbiting the nucleus
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
mass
the quantity of matter an object has
weight
the force produced by gravity acting on the mass of an object
aren't
mass and weight ____ the same
density
the mass of an object divided by its volume
constant
molecules of matter are in ____ motion
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
solid
fixed volume and shape
liquid
fixed volume, no fixed shape
gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
John dalton
a British chemist who helped develop atomic theory
the big 4
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have extra neutrons
atomic mass number
because of extra neutrons, isotopes are known by their _____
fredrick Soddy
Discovered isotopes
radioactive isotopes
have an unstable nucleus that "breaks down" at a constant rate
radioactivity
What do radioactive isotopes release when they decay?
radiocarbon dating
using them to date specimen (finding how old things are)
radiation therapy
using them to kill cancer
radioactive markers
using them to "tag" molecules
ions
Charged atoms (can be positive or negative)
loses
positive charge is when an atom ___ an electron
gains
negative charge is when an atom ___ an electron
cation
positively charged
anion
negatively charged
chemical
atoms in compounds are held together by ____ bonds
covalent bonds
when two atoms share their electrons to satisfy its valence requirements
water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas
example of a compound bond
ionic bonds
formed because of an attraction between oppositely charged atoms
salt and calcium chloride
examples of ionic bonds
polarity
when electrons (charges) are unevenly distributed across a molecule
dissolve
hydrogen bonds from polarity allow for water's ability to ____ compounds
water
___ allows for 4 hydrogen bonds to form
hydrogen bonds
special bonds formed by charge attraction due to polarity involving hydrogen atoms on one of the compounds
oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine
what elements typically form hydrogen bonds?
van der Waals forces
a slight attraction (not a bond) that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
properties of water
polarity, cohesion, adhesion, capillarity, density, excellent solvent, saturation point, acid, and base
cohesion
the attraction of water molecules for other water molecules due to hydrogen bonds
adhesion
attraction of water molecules for different molecules due to hydrogen bonds
capillarity
Attraction that results in a rise of water
Density
water is less dense as a solid (ice) than as liquid water
water is less dense as a solid
Why does ice float?
density of everything (least to greatest)
gas<liquid<solid
density of water (least to greatest)
gas<solid<water
ice sheets insulate the water beneath them
why is density a very important quality for life on Earth?
dense
cold water is more _____ than warm water
solutes; pure
water with ____ is more dense than ___ water
depth (going down)
density increases with ____
thermocline
when water gets super cold at a certain depth of water
decreases
water temperature ____ as depth decreases
depth
density increases with ____
increases
as density increases, concentration of solute _____
aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the solvent
solutions
mixture of water and another substance in which the solute is completely dispersed by water
solute
the compound that is dissolved
solvent
the compound that dissolves the solute by hydrogen bonds (it does not have to be water
Saturation Point
the concentration at which no more solute will be dissolved in the solution
hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-)
a water molecule is, at any moment, either in the form of H2O or a ___ and ____
pH scale
measurement system for the "potential of hydrogen" (number of hydrogen ions) in solution
0, 14
the pH scale goes from __ to __
extremely acidic
0 on the pH scale is _____ _____
high number of hydrogen ions
very acidic
extremely basic
14 on the pH scale is ____ ___
low number of hydrogen ions
very basic
logarithmic scale
A method of displaying data in multiples of 10
pH 4 has 10x more hydrogen ions than pH 5
example of logarithmic scale
acid
a substance that increases the number of hydrogen ions in a solution (compared to hydroxide ions)
Hydrochloride acid (HCl)
an example of an acid
acidic solution
an ___ ___ has more hydrogen ions in a solution than hydroxide ions
base
a substance that decreases the number of hydrogen ions in a solution
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
an example of a base
basic solution
a , or "alkaline", has less hydrogen ions in a solution than hydroxide
buffer
weak acids and bases that reacts with strong acids or bases to prevent drastic changes in pH