Speech Sound Disorders Exam 1

What is communication?

the process by which we share information

Communication includes

• sending and receiving messages

• can be related to thoughts, ideas, needs, desire, feelings perception, knowledge

• spoken or unspoken

• written or unwritten

• verbal or gestural

What is speech?

verbal, oral, or spoken means of communication

What is language?

complex, rule-based system of universally accepted, conventional symbols

Communication can be divided into

language and speech

components of language

• phonology

• morphology

• syntax

• semantics

Components of speech

• semantics

• pragmatics

• articulation

• fluency

• voice

According to the components of language, its forms are

• phonology

• morphology

• syntax

According to the components of language, its content is

semantics

According to the components of language, its use is

pragmatics

Phonology

rule-based function of speech sounds for creating words

phonetics

the study of how speech sounds are produced

phonemes

broadly classified as vowels and consonants

How many phonemes are there?

45 total

• 14 vowels

• 24 consonants

• 10 diphthongs

morphology

the study of structure of words and rules for combining word parts create complete words

morpheme

smallest unit of language that conveys meaning (free and bound morphemes)

syntax

refers to the rules for combining words and phrases into sentences

semantics

component that includes meanings of words, phrases, and sentences

pragmatics

study of language, the various ways in which language is used in different contexts, and the functions or reasons for communicating

Phonotactic rules

set of rules governing which phonemes can be combined, which order, and word position in which they occur

When dealing with semantics, its important to remember

that lexicon can contain words with multiple meanings

Syntax and the basic rules

subject+verb+object

article+attribute+noun

speech includes

• articulation

• fluency

• voice

articulation

the motor aspect of planning and executing movements that result in the production of speech sounds

fluency

the flow of speech

voice

refers to the sound produced when the vocal folds are vibrating

articulation disorder

difficulty with motor speech of speech sound production; may reflect an inability to produce certain speech sounds

phonological disorder

disorder related to the contrastive use of phonemes related to the rule-based linguistic function of speech sounds

Articulatory phonetics includes the fundamentals of:

anatomy of the speech mechanism and phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription

the notational system used to record speech productions

What is the international phonetic alphabet?

the set of symbols used for phonetic transcription

the study of the physical and acoustic features of speech

phonetics

phonetics is the science of

speech

Phonetics emphasizes…

the description and classification of speech sounds

The classification systems are

place-manner-voicing and distinctive features

Place-manner-voicing is a

system that used place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing features to describe phonemes

distinctive features are a

set of binary features for describing phonemes

in distinctive features, each feature is either

present or absent

articulation is

the result of positioning of the structures of the oral mechanism to modify the airstream that has passed through the larynx

The movable articulators are

• lips

• tongue

• mandible

• velum

the immovable or “passive” articulators are

• teeth

• alveolar ridge

• hard palate

• maxilla

orbicularis orris is included in the

lips

the divisions of the tongue include

tip, blade, dorsum, root

The tongue has ___ that create the contour and shape of the tongue

intrinsic muscles

intrinsic muscles include

• superior and inferior longitudinal

• transverse

• vertical

The tongue has ___ that adjust the height and advancement of the tongue

• genioglossus

• hyoglossus

• palatoglossus

• styloglossus

Adjustments of the mandible

increase or decrease the size of the cavity

adjustments to the mandible that increase or decrease the size of the oral cavity, results in

changes in resonance

the mandible supports

the lingual muscles and labial muscles

what houses the lower teeth?

the mandible

the velum is also known as the

soft palate

Elevation and posterior movement of the velum result of coordination of the following muscles:

• levator veli palatini

• tensor veli palatini

• palatoglossus

• palatopharyngeus

• uvula

the velum facilitates

velopharyngeal closure

the maxilla consists of the

premaxilla, alveolar process, and palatine process

how do we classify speech sounds?

by consonants or vowels

Consonants consist of two things:

sonorants and obstruents

sonorants are

a consonant where the resonance occurs throughout the vocal tract

nasal, glides, and liquids are considered as what kind of consonants?

sonorants. they are voiced with little constriction

obstruents are

the source of the sound that occurs in the oral cavity and the point of constriction

stops, fricatives, and affricates are considered as what type of consonant?

obstruents

Vowels include

dipthongs

Place of articulation indicates

the movable and immovable articulators that are used to create speech sound

• the where

places of articulation include

• bilabial

• labiodental

• lingua-alveolar

• linguapalatal

• lingua-velar

• glottal

Manner of articulation

refers to how the speech sound is made, how air flow through the constriction created by the articulators

Manner of articulation for obstruents is

• stops/stop-plosives

• fricatives

• affricates

manner of articulations for sonorants is

• nasals

• liquids

• glides

the distinctive features classification system represents

acoustic or articulatory characteristics of speech sounds

binary classification systems indicated by a plus for ___ feature and minus for ___ feature

present, absent

The type of distinctive feature “major class” includes

• vocalic

• consonantal

• sonorant

The type of distinctive feature “cavity features” includes

• coronal

• anterior

• nasal

• lateral

• high

• low

• back

• round

The type of distinctive feature “manner features” includes

• continuant

• delayed release

• tense

The type of distinctive feature “source” includes

• voiced

• strident

the American English vowels are produced with a relatively

open vocal tract

Modifications in the ___ and ___ of the tongue, ____, and ___ of the tongue contribute to the acoustic different of vowels.

height and advancement, rounding of the lips, tension

the vowel quadrilateral represents

tongue position in oral cavity like high-low and front-back

which vowels are represented at each corner of the vowel quadrilateral?

cardinal vowels

IPA is a ___ transcription

broad

A narrow transcription includes

diacritic symbols

The behaviorist theory was based on

Skinner’s (1972) theory if operant conditioning

In the behaviorist theory, Skinner believed

verbal behavior is the operant behavior

In the behaviorist theory, speech sounds and verbalizations receive

reinforcement

The behaviorist theory forms

the basis of many intervention approaches

The linguistic theoretical model has two divisions, which are

linear and non-linear

The linguistics linear theory includes three categories

• distinctive features

• generative phonology

• natural phonology

the linguistic non-linear theory includes four categories

• autosegmental

• metrical

• optimality

• sonority

The linear theoretical model “distinctive feature theory” is to

• describe phonological systems of languages

• to identify and describe acoustic and production features of sounds

• helps distinguish sounds

The linear theoretical model “generative phonology” is to

• emphasize phonetic and phonemic aspects of speech sound systems

• attempts to explain the process of taking phonological representation and turning it into a phonetic representation (naturalness to markedness)

The linear theoretical model “natural phonology” is where

• underlying representations are modified to fit the child’s speech production skills

• developmental progression of increasingly accurate surface level representations

Phonological processes

rules applied to simplify the surface level representation

What do nonlinear theoretical models do?

explain speech production as more than just a simple, step-by-step sequence of individual phonemes (sounds). Instead of thinking of speech as one sound being produced after another in a straight line, these models suggest that many different parts of speech are working together and influencing each other at the same time.

Elements of nonlinear theoretical models are arranged in what tires

prosodic tier and segmental tier

What consists in the prosodic tier of nonlinear theoretical models

• word tier

• foot tier

• syllable tier

• onset-rime tier

• skeletal tier

What consists in the segmental tier of nonlinear theoretical models

• root node

• laryngeal node

• place node

what is included in the syllable tier segment?

• onset

• time

• peak

• coda

• open syllables

• closed syllables

Two nonlinear phonological theories

autosegmental phonology and optimality theory

autosegmental phonology

• incorporates the role of tone and pitches in signaling differences in meaning

• emphasized the hierarchical nature of features

• accounted for influence of features between sound segments

optimality theory

• emphasizes input representations (mental) and output (surface) representations

• two mental mechanisms shape the transition from input and output: generation and evaluation

Generation and evaluation are two mental mechanisms that

shape the transition from input and output

optimality theory is based on two rules

faithfulness and markedness

structural and functional correlates of speech sound development

• oral structures

• pharyngeal structures

• laryngeal structures

Also developing simultaneously for feeding and swallowing development