Bio chapter 14-16

TT1 Y11

Nervous system

Control movement by sending electrical impulse along neuron

Neuron

Network of specialized cells

Control Nervous System (CNS)

• brain, spinal cord

• impulse - receptor - effector

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• other nerve

• to and from CNS

Synapse

• in between 2 neuron (Axon terminal and Dendrites)

• move in 1 direction

• though diffusion

Reflex Arc

Automatic response to a stimulus to minimize damage on body

-response of effector

-involuntary response, don’t use brain as coordinator of reaction

Pathway

Receptor - sensory - relay - motor - effector

Sensory Neuron

• long, nucleus middle

• sense organ - CNS

Relay Neuron

• shortest, fast

• many dendrites

Motor Neuron

• long

• CNS - effectors (skin/glands)

Axon

• insulated by fatty sheath

• ‘e’ impulse jump from node

Schwann cell

Fatty Sheath from around Axon

Connect to other neuron to receive impulse to form network

Sense organ

Detect change in internal and external environment and stimulate electrical impulse in response

Antagonistic Muscle

Pair of muscle that work together , one contracts the other relax

BCC

Bright Circular Contract

DRC

Dim Radical Contract

Structure of eye

Cornea - transparent , protect + referact light

Iris - control amount of light entering

Pupil - allow light into eye (eye color)

Retina - contain cone and rod cell

Optic nerve - carry electrical impulse to brain

Lenses - change shape and focus on light on retina

Pupil Reflex

Protect Retina from damage in bright light and not seeing in dim light

Cone cell

• high concentration in fovea

• for color, bright light

• 3 type (red.green.blue)

Rod cell

• everywhere but in fovea

• black and white

Dim light

• pupil dilate, allow more light in

• DRC = radical contract

Bright light

• pupil contract, precent too much light to entering and damage retina

• BCC = circular contract

Distant, Far

• lenses thin

• suspensory ligament tight

• ciliary muscle relax

• refract less light

Flow

cornea - aqueous humor - pupil - lense - vitreous humor - retina

Hormones

Chemical Substance produce by glands carried by blood which alters the activity of one or more specific target organ.

• help control growth, metabolism , homeostasis

Endocrine Gland

Produce and release hormone into bloodstream

• Adrenal, Ovaries, Testes

Ductless Gland

Excrete hormone into blood, travel to target audience and cause change in cell

Adrenal Gland

• produce adrenaline hormone (flight/fight response in danger)

• increase blood glucose concentration

Adrenaline

• increase heart rate (pump faster + deeper)

• increase breathing rate (inhale more O)

• increase pupil diameter (let more light in)

Pancreas

Produce insulin ( decrease glucose con.) and glucagon (increase glucose con.)

Nerve vs Endocrine system

• nerve faster + short term ,endo slow + long term

• nerve electrical impulse , endo chemical hormone

• nerve CNS: brain, spinal cord , endo: glands+ muscle

Testes Vs Ovaries

• produce testosterone, male hormone

• produce oestrogen , female hormone

Homeostasis

Maintain constant internal environment in organ despite external changes for optimal environment for body to function

Flow

Receptor (sense change in eni. send info to CC in B/SC)

Control center ( brain effector G/M respond to stimuli)

Effector (output/corrective action to reverse change)

Liver

change of glucose to glycogen(insulin) or glycogen to glucose(glucagon)

Brain

Detect change in internal body temperature

Hypothalamus (monitor temp in blood as it pass though brain)

Air

Good conductor of heat

Cold

• Blood vessel away skin contract

• skeletal muscle contract+ relax = shivering = more energy release = heat from muscle

• hair erector muscle contract = hair stand up = trap heat

• produce less sweat

Hot / Increase in body temperature

• blood vessel need skin dilate = more blood

• heat loss increase

• hair erector relax= hair lie flat = trap less heat

• produce more sweat

hormone that increase con. of glucose

Adrenaline and glucagon

Tropism (movement)

Response by plant towards/away from external form one direction

Phototropism

respond of plant to or away light source

Gravitropism

respond in which plant grow to or from gravity

Auxin (plant hormone)

• at shaded area of plant

• transport down shoot

• elongation at shady site = grow faster = bend towards light

Diabetes Mellitus (can’t control glucose conc)

Type 1 = lack insulin

Type 2 = lack insulin receptor

Antibiotic (Penicillin, Fungi Penicillium)

Kill bacteria by cell bursting / inhabit growth of bacteria

Antibiotic resistant

• bacterial mutate due to natural selection

• become immune to antibiotic , when antibiotic release some not kills

• so become resistant and reproduce

Prevent Antibiotic Resistant

• finish full course of antibiotic ensure all bacteria die

• only use antibiotic for serious infections

Asexual reproduction

a process which results in reproduction of genetically identical offspring

• 1 parent

• no fusion of gamete

• no mix genetic information (clone)

Sexual Reproduction

A process involving fusion of nuclei of 2 gamete cell to form zygote

• 2 parent

• fusion of gamete

• genetic diversity

Fertilization

Fusion of gamete nuclei

Gamete

Haploid (23 chromo)(only in sex cell)

Zygote

Diploid cell (46 chromo)(fertilized egg cell)

Sexual Reproduction : pros + cons

• more genetic diversity

• less vulnerable to disease

• disease doesn’t spread easily

• not killed by same pathogen

• require 2 parent

• slower process

• need more enrgy

Asexual Reproduction : pros + cons

• faster reproduction

• consistent offspring

• energy efficient

• no need pollination

• disease spread easily

• can be killed by same pathogen

• no genetic diversity

• vulnerable to disease

Making more of the same kind of organism

Both asexual and sexual reproduction

Male part of plant

Anther , filament

Female part of plant

Stigma , Style, Ovary (Ovule)

Pollen grain

egg cell /male sex cell

Pollination

Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma

Sepal

Protect unopen flower

Petal

brightly colored to attract pollinating insect

Anther

Produce and contain pollen grain

Filament

Hold anther up

Stigma

Collect pollen form insect / air (sticky/long)

Style

Allow pollen tube to travel egg and distribute pollen (link stigma to ovary)

Ovary (inside is ovule)

produce female sex cell and keep in ovule

Self - Pollination

Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of the same or different flower on the same plant

• decrease genetic variation

• limit adaptability of offspring to change in environment condition

• use less energy

• no need attract pollinating insect

Cross Pollination

Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of a same flower on different plant of same species

(air / animal)

• increase genetic variation

• depend on pollinator except wind

• can adapt and more resistant to disease

Germination

Start of growth in seed that contain zygote which develop into embryo plant and grow into seedling

1. Water (swell = seed coat split + embryo start grow)

2. Oxygen (respiration = growth)

3. Temperature (enzyme work in optimum temp)

Production of plumule

Emerging shoot

Production of Radical / Pumule

Emerging root / Shoot

Food for plant when germination

• in cotyledon

• supply seedling with food + energy for growth

• until plant grow leave = photosynthesis

Fertilization in plant

• pollen grain reach stigma

• pollen tube is from down the style

• pollen grain go down pollen tube to ovary

• pollen grain fuse with egg cell

• zygote forms

Germination

• oxygen

• temperature

• water

Male Prostate gland

Prostate gland - produce fluid (semen) that provide sperm cell with nutrients

Sperm duct - sperm pass to mix with fluid then go gland then ejected

urethra - carry urine and sperm , ring of muscle in urethra prevent mix

testis - produce sperm + testosterone

scrotum - sac what support testes outside of body ensure kept at optimum temp

penis - pass urine out from bladder, allow semen pass into vagina

Female Reproductive System

Oviduct/fallopian tube - connect to uterus

Ovary - contain ava , mature and develop when hormone release

Uterus - muscular bag where zygote develop to fetus

Cervix- ring of muscle at lower end of uterus, keep fetus in place

Vagina - muscle tube that lead inside women

Features of Gamete

Egg cell - energy store in cytoplasm to support dev + transport by cilia in wall of oviduct

Sperm cell - tail to propel towards egg + mitochondria for energy

Fertilisation

Sperm reach egg cell , digest wall of cell , fuse with nuclei with enzyme from acrosome, egg harden ensure one sperm only enter

Conception + growth and dev of fetus

fertilisation in oviduct , fertilised egg / zygote implant in thickened lining of uterus, placenta grow, grow big

Umbilical Cord

Join fetus blood supply to placenta for exchange of nutrients and waste product

Placenta

Connect fetus to umbilical cord allow exchange of substances

• prevent toxin + pathogen in fetus blood

• mum and fetus blood never mix, run in diff direction

Amniotic sac

surround fetus

• protect fetus from physical activity

• act as cushion

Placenta + umbilical cord

• water, amino acid, nutrients , oxygen , glucose

• large surface area, thin wall

• though diffusion

Hormone (Oestrogen , Testosterone )

• growth of reproductive organ

• growth of body hair

• emotional change

• menstrual cycle

Menstrual Cycle

• Menstruation = no fertilisation

• Follicular phase = FSH , dev in ovary, oestrogen = thicken uterus lining

• ovulation = mature follicule release egg (day 14)

• Luteal phase = progesterone = maintain thick lining for pregnancy

FSH

development of follicule in ovary + mature egg in ovary

• pituitary gland

LH

trigger ovulation , release egg cell

stimulate progesterone

• pituitary gland

Oestrogen

repair + thicken lining

stimulate LH,stop FSH

• developing follicle

Progesterone

maintain thick uterus lining

stop FSH+LH

• corpus luteum

Sexually transmitted disease

Disease that spread through sexual contact caused by bacteria, virus, parasite, blood , pregnancy, childbirth

• HIV become AIDS (final stage)

HIV (virus)

attack immune system , weaken body ability = less lympocytes = weaken body ability to fight disease

• avoid being destroyed by lympocyte by changing protien coat

• infect lympocyte and use it to multiply so less L

• less anitbiotic made = cant find infection