Viruses overview part 2

How do certain viruses cause cancer?

Some carry genes that directly cause cancer or other viruses produce proteins that induce a loss of growth regulation

These types of cells Have increased rate of growth, changes in their chromosomes, changes in cell surface molecules, and capacity to divide indefinitely

Transformed cells

These are mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

oncoviruses

These are viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteriophage

Most bacteriophages contain what type of nucleic acid

Double-stranded DNA but sometimes RNA

What type of bacteria do bacteriophages typically infect?

Bacteria that is pathogenic to humans

This is the most studied phage and it infects E. coli

T - even bacteriophage

These pages do not undergo replication or release immediately, but they do undergo absorption and penetration

Temperate phages

A condition in which the host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA

Lysogeny

This state is when viral DNA enters into an inactive state

Prophage

Prophage in a lysogenic cell becomes activated and progresses directly into viral replication in the light cycle

Induction

Occasionally, phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause the production of ______ or ______ That the bacterium would not otherwise have

Toxins or enzymes

When a bacteria acquires a new trait from its temperate phage

Lysogenic conversion

What are the 2 categories of archaeal viruses

Morphologically and genetically unique and clear structural and Genetic homologs

These are bottles, shaped viruses, spindle shaped viruses, two tailed viruses, whose tails grow once they are released from infected cells

Archaeal virus

This type of living medium includes laboratory, bread, animals and embryonic bird tissues

In vivo (life)

This living medium is cellular tissue culture methods

In vitro (glass)

What are the primary purposes of viral cultivation?

Isolate and identify viruses, Prepare viruses for vaccines, Research

What are three reasons why Bird eggs are used

Self supporting, sterile, contain their own nourishment

What are the most common eggs used?

Chicken, duck, and turkey

Where are the Injections done in the bird embryos

Varies based on what they’re studying

This type of media grows in sterile chambers with special media, forms, a monolayer, and allows for close inspection

Cell or tissue culture

Areas where virus infected cells have been destroyed, show up as clear well-defined patches in the cell sheet

Plaques

Viral growth and culture is also used to detect and count _____

Bacteriophage

These are misfed proteins that transmit their misfed shape onto normal variants of the same protein

Prions

Prions fit into what class of infectious disease

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)

True or false prions are viruses

False

What do prion lack?

Nucleic acid

This infection can sit dormant for a decade or longer and causes Neurodegenerative disorder with a 100% mortality rate

Classical CJD

This was an epidemic in the 1950s to 60s among the fore people of New Guinea, which resulted from ritualistic cannibalism

Kuru

This is a Neuro degenerative disorder with 100% mortality rate amongst cattle

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE

How did BSE originate?

Feeding cattle meat and bonemeal that was infected with BSE or scrapie infected sheep products

This infection is believed to be responsible for BSE in cows

vCJD variant

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

This infection, affects deer, elk, reindeer, and moose and his fatal to animals and there are no treatments or vaccines

Chronic wasting disease

This type of virus and codes its own capsid protein Infect other viruses

Satellite virus

This disease is caused from viral particles from hepatitis B virus and worsen the severity of liver damage

Hepatitis D

What hepatitis disease has the highest fatality rate at 20%?

D

How can hepatitis D be prevented?

By getting the hepatitis B vaccine, it protects against hepatitis D

A virus like agent that parasitize plants

Viroids

Viroids are composed of __________ Of RNA, lacking a capsid, or any other type of coating

Naked Strands