Geography 2022 Final test

Tropical climate

The north of Australia- high temperatures and high rainfall

Hot arid climate

The centre of Australia- high temperatures and low rainfall

Temperate climate

The east coast of Australia- warm summers and cool winters

Cool climate

Tasmania and Snowy Mountains- cool summers and cold winters.

Mediterranean climate

South Western Australia and South Australia- hot dry summers and cool wet winters

Percent of Australia arid or semi arid desert

70%

Soil

Made of minerals from weathered rocks and bedrock

Factors that determine the type of soil found in a biome

Temperature, rainfall, organic matter, rocks + minerals

Leaching

Nutrients being drained from the soil

Bottom trawling

A net pulled along the seafloor to catch bottom dwelling fish

Longline fishing

A long line with smaller lines with baited hooks are attached

Bycatch

The unwanted fish caught by the fishing line that are thrown back dead

Aquaculture

Breeding, raising and harvesting fish, shellfish and aquatic fish

Seaweed environmental benefit

Seaweed absorbs CO2 and stores it in its biomass better than trees

Tundra location

Present about 60 degrees north Latitude

Tundra climate

Cold and windy with low rainfall

Permafrost

Ground that is permanently frozen

Erosion

Wearing away and moving of earth by wind, water or ice

Weathering

The physical and chemical disintegration of rocks

Influences on climate

Latitude, altitude, landforms, ocean currents

Climate

The long term precipitation and temp patterns of an area

Physical weathering examples

Ice wedging, abrasion, roots

Chemical weathering examples

Oxidisation, acid rain, lichens

Mass wasting

Soil, sand and rock move downslope as a solid, continuous mass because of gravity

Carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Impact of agriculture

Biodiversity loss, pollution, soil degradation, unsustainable irrigation, deforestation

Longshore drift

When the ongoing swash comes at the angle of the prevailing winds and backwash moves perpendicular. It moves the material in a zigzag pattern.

Hydraulic action

Tiny of pockets of trapped air exploding as the waves hits

Corrasion

When rocks carried by waves erode the coastline

Corrosion

Salty ocean water that is slightly acidic and dissolves rock

Clearing native vegetation impacts

LITHOSPHERE- reduction in nutrients and less stability because no roots, BIOSPHERE- reducing biodiversity and habitat loss, HYDROSPHERE- extra soil contaminates water, ATMOSPHERE- reduce absorption of carbon dioxide and decrease oxygen

Burning forests for cultivation impacts

ATMOSPHERE- build up of CO2 causing global warming

Withdrawing water for irrigation

LITHOSPHERE- causes flooding and impacts salinity, BIOSPHERE- kills plants and animals on land and in water, HYDROSPHERE- river flow is reduced downstream

Political Map

Shows country and state lines

Topographic Map

Use contour lines to show the shape of the land

Irrigation

The artificial application of water to the soil to supplement natural rainfall

Flood irrigation

Uses gravity to distribute water- the most common method used

Physical map

Shows the natural landscape

Synoptic charts

Shows the meteorological elements

Thematic map

The distribution of a topic or theme

Choropleth map

Uses differences in colours and shading to represent spatial themes

Cadastral map

Shows the boundaries of land ownership

Cartogram

Maps distorted to represent a value

Why is landscape modified

Undulating land can be flattened or terraced to produce food

Rainforest soil

High rainfall leaches the soil so it is shallow and poorly developed but there is a thin layer of nutrient organic matter.

Temperate forests and grasslands soil

Ideal for agriculture and is dominated by grasslands and deciduous forests. Soils are brown and approx 1 metre deep.

Rainforest biome

Hot temps and high rainfall year round. Very moist conditions and infertile soil covered in a thin layer of organic humus. Found between the tropics and the most biodiverse biome- having over 50% of known plant and animal species

Temperate forest biome

4 distinct seasons with cold snowy winters that many animals hibernate through and hot summers. Found between the Tropic of Cancer and Arctic circle.

Tropical grassland biome

Moderately drier- covering much of Africa and found on every continent. Has hot wet summers and dry warm winter.

Temperate grassland biome

Hot summers and cold winters with moderate seasonal rainfall and nutrient rich soil. Found in the American Prairies.

Desert biome

Little to no rainfall with rain coming in short bursts. Soil dry and lacking nutrients. Most animals well adapted and nocturnal.

Tundra biome

Cold climate, no trees only dwarf shrubs and lichens. Found in higher altitudes or near polar zones.

Cacao growing regions

West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Cote D'Ivoire) South America (Brazil and Ecuador) Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia)

Cacao growing conditions

Most grown 10 degrees either side of equator with humid tropical climates. Must be grown under the shade of another plant and need temps 21 and 32 degrees and 1000 to 2500 mm of rain.

Cacao farmers facts

6 million farmers and 40-50 million people in total rely on it for their livelyhood.

Cacao demand growth

3% annually for the past century

What impacts cacao farmers

Supply and demand on the world market (too much supply dropping prices) and adverse weather

Cacao production

Very labour intensive. Flowers are pollinated by hand and bad pods are removed on a daily basis.

How cacao is under threat

Pests, fungal infections, climate change, and lack of access to fertilisers

Refraction

Bending of waves as they approach the shape of the coastline and concentrate energy around headland

Headland

A hard rock formation that remains after the rock of bays has eroded

Incipient/fore dunes

Dunes closest to the surf

Purpose of dunes

Are a barrier to erosive waves and stops sand from being blown inland

What influences climate?

Latitude, altitude, distance from the ocean

Destructive waves

Taking away materials from the beach- weak swash and strong backwash

Constructive waves

Dropping material on the beach- strong swash and weak backwash

What causes damage to beaches?

- rips
- tides
- storm surges/ east coast lows

How are waves formed?

Wind (depends on the strength, duration, area of the wind)

What is formed by sand deposition?

Sand dunes, spit (sand being deposited in front of a waterway), tombolo (a stretch of sand in between headland and mainland)

What is formed by weathering

Bays, cliffs, rock platform, caves, arches, blowholes, stacks

Stack

When an arch collapses (arches come from blowholes which come from caves when they experience weathering)

Beach management strategies

Groynes, sea walls, beach nourishment, dune stabilisation, land buy back

Greenhouse effect

The trapping of warmth within the world's atmosphere through a gaseous layer (we are getting too much of it)

What area is absorbing more heat than the rest of the world because of global warming

Arctic/antarctic

Sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their needs.

The service functions of the environment

Source Function (the ability of the environment to give us things), sink function (the ability to break down and remove waste), service function (pollinations of crops), spiritual function (psychological benefits)