Human Geo midterm

Scale

the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth.

Large scale

Less land area in more detail.

Small Scale

More land area in less detail.

Scale of Analysis

Understanding the scale of analysis helps in determining the scope and level of detail necessary for a study or presentation. Global, National, Subnational, Local.

Dot Distribution

Depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered or spread out over an area. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations.

Choropleth

Recognizable areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.

Graduated symbol

Displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable.

Cartogram

Size of a country or US state is proportional to the value of a particular variable.

Projection

scientific way of transferring locations of Earth's surface to a flat map.

Mercator

Preserves shape but distorts size, especially near the poles.

Robinson

Attempts to minimize distortion in size and shape.

Azimuthal

Shows the Earth from a specific point, often used for polar regions.

Distribution

arrangement of a feature in space.

Density

the frequency with which something occurs in space.

Concentration

the extent of a feature's spread over space (clustered or dispersed).

Pattern

geometric arrangement of objects in space.

Formal

homogenous region, an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

Vernacular

Perceptual region, place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity - emerge from informal sense of place rather than scientific models.

Functional

nodal region, an area organized around a node or focal point. Characteristic chosen to define the region is dominant at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward.

Diffusion

process by which a feature spreads across space.

Relocation

spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion

Contagious: rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Demography

the study of population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of live births per one thousand people in the population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population

Doubling time

the time period it takes for a population to double in size FORMULA: 70/RNI= Doubling Time

Fertility

the number of live births occurring in a population

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1000 live births in a country

Mortality

the number of deaths occurring in a population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR)

(birth rate - death rate)/10 - a positive NIR means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking MIGRATION NOT INCLUDED

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing years

Push Factor

Conditions that drive people to leave their home.

Pull Factor

Conditions that attract people to a new area.

Intervening Obstacle

Factors that hinder migration.

Intervening Opportunity

Factors that present themselves during migration, leading to a change in the migration plan.

Asylum seeker

a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they are fleeing persecution

Chain migration

a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area.

Step-migration

migration to a far away place that takes place in stages

Forced migration

when people migrate not because they want to but because they have no other choice

Guest worker

a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time period

Internally displaced persons

a person forced to flee their home who remains in their home country

Refugee

a person who flees their home country and is not able to return

Transhumance

moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the lowlands in the winter

Transnational migration

moving across a border into another country

Voluntary migration

people choosing to migrate (not being forced)

Cultural Relativism

Understanding a culture on its own terms.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture by the standards of one's own.

Sequent Occupance

The layers of different cultures in the same space over time.

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide people and create conflict.

Centripetal Forces

Forces that unify people within a state or region.

Cultural Landscape

"built landscape," physical imprint a culture makes on the environment.

Lingua Franca

A language that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages.

Toponym

The name given to a place or geographical feature.

Cultural Relativism

The principle of understanding and evaluating cultural practices and beliefs within their own context.

Acculturation

Two cultures come into contact and the weaker one adopts some of the new more dominant traits.

Assimilation

Weaker culture's traits replaced by more dominant culture.

Convergence

Cultures become more similar.

Divergence

Cultures become more dissimilar.

Universalizing Religion

Attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they may appear in the world.

Ethnic Religion

Appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.

Sovereign States

A political entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Nation

A group of people who share common cultural characteristics such as language, history, ethnicity, or religion.

Origin of Universalizing Religion

Precise places based on events in the life of a man.

Origin of Ethnic Religion

Unknown or unclear origins not tied to historic individuals.

Diffusion of Universalizing Religion

Diffused from their specific hearth to other regions of the world.

Diffusion of Ethnic Religion

Typically remain clustered in one location, found near the hearth.

Holy Places of Universalizing Religion

Cities and other places associated with the founder's life.

Holy Places of Ethnic Religion

Derive from distinctive physical environment, such as mountains, rivers or rock formations.

Nation-State

A political unit where the boundaries of the nation coincide with the boundaries of the state.

Multinational State

A state that contains two or more distinct nations within its borders.

Stateless Nations

Groups of people who identify as a nation but do not have a recognized sovereign state.

Antecedent Borders

Borders that were established before the area was populated or developed.

Subsequent Borders

Borders that are established after an area has been populated.

Consequent Borders

Borders that result from the consequences of certain events, such as conflicts or treaties.

Geometric Borders

Borders that are based on mathematical lines and measurements, rather than physical or cultural features.

Robinson Projection

A map projection that is a little inaccurate in all aspects.

Mercator Projection

A map projection that is accurate in direction but inaccurate in other aspects.

Goode-Homolosine Projection

A map projection that is not specified in the notes.

Azimuthal Projection

A map projection that is not specified in the notes.

Gall-Peters Projection

A map projection that is not specified in the notes.

Cartogram

A type of map that distorts area to convey information.

Dot Map

A type of map that uses dots to represent the presence of a feature.

Reference Map

A type of map that shows the location of geographic areas.

Choropleth Map

A type of map that uses different shades or colors to represent data.

Isoline Map

A type of map that uses lines to connect points of equal value.

Proportional Symbol Map

A type of map that uses symbols of varying size to represent data.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.

GPS

A system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth.

GIS

A computer system that can capture, store, analyze, and display geography data.

Human Geography

Study of where and why human activities are located where they are.

Geographic Scale

The ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

Map Scale

The relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground.

Map Projection

The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.

Distribution

Extent of a feature's spread over space (clustered vs. dispersed).

Diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.

Spatial Arrangement

Arrangement of a feature in space.

Globalization

Force or process that involves the entire world and results in making the world essentially 'shrink'. Everything is more interconnected and worldwide.

Place

Specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Human-Environment Interaction

Geographic study of human-environment relationships.

Cultural Landscape

Combination of cultural features such as language, religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features such as climate and vegetation.