BIOS251 Week 3 + 4 Exam with complete expert curated questions and answers (with Diagrams)

Nucleus

Genetic information, DNA replication/transcription

Nuclear Envelope

Surrounds nucleus, transport of mRNA and ribosomes

Nucleoplasm

Semi-fluid interior, contains chromatin

Nucleolus

dark stain, produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Studded exterior, makes glycoproteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes lipids (glycolipids), detoxification

Golgi Complex

Synthesizes carbohydrates, finishes synthesizing proteins

Lysosomes

Break down and recycle excess macromolecules

Peroxisomes

Oxidize fatty acid molecules, forms hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

breaks down carbohydrates derived products to produce ATP

Mitochondria Cristae

Inner membrane

Mitochondria matrix

Contains DNA and ribosomes, the Krebs Cycle

Example of a Prokaryotic Cell

Bacteria

Prokaryotic cells are...

Unicellular

Example of a Eukaryotic Cell

Animal/Human cell

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Somatic Cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Gamete Cells

Sperm and ovum

The plasma membrane is composed of

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, and sugars

Transmembrane proteins

Integral proteins that span the membrane.

Peripheral proteins

inner or outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer

Simple Diffusion

Passive transport, high to low concentration

Faciliatated Diffusion

Passive transport, high to low concentration, requires a carrier protein

Osmosis

Passive transport, high to low concentration of water.

Hypertonic

greater concentration of solute, cell shrivels

Hypotonic

lower concentration of solute, cell swells

Channel Proteins

(Integral) Allows ions to cross the membrane from one side to another

Carrier Proteins

(Integral) Transports specific substances from one side of the membrane to another

Receptor Protiens

(Integral) Recognize and bind to ligands

Na+K+ Pump

Maintains the electrochemical gradient

Gap Junctions

Bond two cells together via connexons

Cell Adhesion Molecules

(Integral) Structural support and stability for a cell

Cadherins

(Peripheral) transport ligand signaling into cells

Cyochrome C

(Peripheral) transport electrons from one protein to another

Spectrin

(Peripheral) maintains red blood cell shape

Intracellular Fluid

Inside the cell, Cystol

Extracellular Fluid

Outside the cell, includes plasma

Bulk Transport

Uses vesicles to transport large molecules in/out

Endocytosis

Material into the cell

Exocytosis

Material out of the cell

Phagocytosis

"Cell eating" solids

Pinocytosis

"Cell drinking" liquids

Cytoskeleton

Internal structure and organization

Proteasomes

Degrade faulty or damaged proteins

Transcription

DNA sequence is copied into mRNA

Translation

Ribosome interprets mRNA to construct protein

mRNA

genetic code

tRNA

carries amino acid to ribosome

rRNA

forms ribosome

Intiation

Start codon AUG

Termination

Stop codon UGA, UAA or UAG

G1

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

S Phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2

Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes

Prophase

Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form centrioles, cross-over.

Cross-over

Non-sister chromatids share genetic information to create genetic variability

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes seperate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

New nuclear membrane forms

C-MEN

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous

Exocrine Glands

glands secrete into ducts

Endocrine Glands

glands that release hormones directly into blood

Apocrine Glands

Secretions released into apical cytoplasm

Holocrine Glands

Secretions via loss of an entire cell

Connective Tissue

Blood, bone, fat, ligaments, tendons, cartilage

Desmosomes

Anchoring, holds the cell together, resists mechanical stress

Hemidesmosomes

Link cells to a basement membrane

Tight Junctions

Form an impermeable barrier, like a zipper

Keratinized

Surface layer of dead skin cells, epidermis

Non-Keratinized

lacks surface layer of dead cells

Loose Connective Tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Dense Connective Tissue

dense regular, dense irregular

Spongy bone

porous, heads of long bones, middle of flat bones

Compact bone

calcified, surround long bones

Eccrine(merocrine)

Secretion uses vesciles (tears , pancreas, gastric)

Apocrine

lipid droplet covered by membrane, cytoplasm bud (mammary)

Product of Mitosis

2 identical diploid cells

Product of Meiosis

4 unique haploid cells

Example of Simple Squamous Epithelium

alveoli, glomerulus, endothelium, serosa

Example of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epidermis

Example of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, kidney tubules

Example of Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

Example of Simple Columnar Epithelium

lining of intestines, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes

Example of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Respiratory tract, portions of male urethra

Example of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Sweat gland duct, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubes

Example of Transitional Epithelium

Ureter and bladder

Fibroblasts

Produce fiber, substance of matrix

Macrophages

Activate immune system

Leukocytes

Neutrophils and Lymphocytes

Mast Cells

Secrete heparin and histamine, dilate blood vessels

Adipocytes

Store triglycerides

Plasma Cells

Make antibodies

Example of Areolar Tissue

Passage for nerves and blood vessels

Example of Reticular Tissue

Support for spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Adipose Tissue

Energy storage, cushioning, insulation

Cartilage

Avascular

Fibrocartilage

Resists compression, absorbs shock, intervertebral disks. Collagen.

Elastic Cartilage

Flexible, external ear, epiglottis. Elastic.