Heath Promotion: Concepts and Theories

state of well-being

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease

morbidity and mortality

two terms most commonly used to measure health

morbidity

prevalence of disease within a population

mortality

death

True

True or False: when morbidity declines, so does mortality

Healthy People 2030

sets data driven national objectives to improve health every decade; said objective address high priority issues

social determinants of health (SDOH)

conditions where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks

to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

what is our goal as a health care provider in reference to SDOH?

health promotion

engages and empowers individuals and communities to engage in healthy behaviors

disease prevention

focuses on prevention strategies to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other morbidities

primary prevention

preventing or decreasing the probability of injury, physical or mental illness, health-threatening situations, and event or illness in the population

modify the risk factors to avoid the onset of disease

what is the goal of primary prevention?

immunization, health education, exercise, environmental policies, improving nutrition, avoiding tobacco use

examples of primary prevention

secondary prevention

identifying diseases in the earliest stages/before signs and symptoms appear, then providing treatment to prevent worsening health status

mammograms, colonoscopy, BP check, skin lesion check

examples of secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

disease management → make sure it doesn’t get worse; restoring person to optimum function, includes long term treatment and rehabilitation

cardiac rehab

one example of tertiary prevention

imitating health habits of elders or peers

what example was given of behavior and social learning theories

health belief model

a person’s willingness to change their health behaviors in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle is an example of what model?

health promotion model

variables that motivate health-seeking behavior belong to what model?

coping theory

the ability to stay healthy by reducing stress belongs to what theory?

communication theory

using therapeutic techniques to communicate (theory)

therapeutic relationships theory

therapeutic relationship is key to health promotion (theory)

• introduction

• use attentive skills/active listening

• open ended questions

• sharing observations

• clarification

• summarizing

• use of silence

7 large aspects of effective therapeutic communication

• ask why questions

• convey your feelings of anxiety or anger

• give advice

• give false reassurance

• not pay attention

• use medical jargon

things you should never do in therapeutic communication (6)

developmental levels, sociocultural differences, environmental/emotional state (distractions), gender

factors that influence communication (4)

stress

physical and emotional state always present in a person; caused by external events and demands a change in behavior

eustress, daily hassles, distress

types of stress

eustress

healthful or positive stress; pushes you to be better

daily hassles

repeated chronic strains of everyday life (ex. losing keys)

distress

negative, noxious, unpleasant stress that can damage your health; can and will lead to physical symptoms

general adaptation syndrome

a physiological model that describes the body's response to prolonged stress

alarm stage, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

3 stages of general adaptation syndrome

alarm stage

stage of GAS that is instantaneous and short term; the person may feel helpless and insecure

stage of resistance

stage of GAS that is the body’s way of adapting to the disequilibrium or imbalance caused by the stress; will go away when stress disappears, usually with coping mechanisms.

stage of exhaustion

stage of GAS in which the emotional state will precipitate or exacerbate every disease and will increase susceptibility to disease

crisis theory

how people respond psychologically and behaviorally when they cannot cope with stressors; crisis involves a significant change or loss, the result is the inability to cope

developmental crisis and situational crisis

two types of crisis

developmental crisis

predictable gradual changes that occur, usually developmental (identity crisis, moving to college, etc)

situational crisis

unpredictable, sudden, random (ex. job loss, death, natural disaster, hospitalization, etc).

• recognize a person in crisis

• assess how severe

• explore coping mechanisms

• clarify the event, onset, and impact

• provide comfort

• develop plan (coping mechanisms)

• referrals if it is severe

• maintain follow up

• evaluate if the intervention was successful

9 steps of intervention and healthcare for crisis

complementary or alternative medicine/therapies (CAM/CAT)

nontraditional or non-medical approaches that are considered holistic or integrative to promote health or prevent and treat illness and treat even severe and complex disease.

yoga, meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback

give examples of the CAM: mind/body interventions

accupuncture/acupressure

give examples of the CAM: biological-based interventions

herbal supplements, probiotics, ginger

give examples of the CAM: botanical interventions

massage, chiropractic

give examples of the CAM: manipulations

power of prayer

give examples of the CAM: spiritual interventions

music therapy, art therapy, guided imagery, aroma therapy, therapeutic touch

give examples of the CAM: sensory therapy

enhances coping

how is the CAM positive thinking beneficial?

can help lower HTN; human pet bond

how is the CAM pet therapy beneficial?

biophilia therapy

what is the professional sounding name for the CAM that involves getting out into nature; wilderness therapy

• be familiar with therapies

• access client’s knowledge fo therapies

• assist client to gain access to understanding about therapy or qualification of therapist

• encourage client not to substitute therapies for necessary conventional treatment, but don’t discourage if nonharmful

HCP responsibilies when it comes to CAM/CAT