Restorative Art I WK 4

Origin

The point of muscle attachment that moves the least.

Insertion

The point of muscle attachment that moves the most.

Transverse Frontal Sulci

Wrinkles or grooves across the forehead, created by the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle.

Galea Aponeurotica

A tendinous sheet that connects the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.

Mandible

The lower jaw bone.

Temporal Bone

A bone forming part of the side of the skull on each side.

Zygomatic Arch

The bony arch of the cheekbone.

Coronoid Process

A projection of the mandible to which the temporalis muscle attaches.

Ramus

The vertical part of the mandible.

Optic Facial Sulci

Wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes, also known as crow's feet, created by the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Sphincter Muscle

A circular muscle that constricts a passage or opening.

Vertical Interciliary Sulci

Vertical wrinkles or furrows between the eyebrows, created by the corrugator muscle.

Palpebral Fold

The fold of skin in the upper eyelid, created by the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

Transverse Interciliary Sulci

Horizontal wrinkles or furrows across the bridge of the nose, created by the procerus muscle.

Philtrum

The vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, created by the orbicularis oris muscle.

Angulus Oris Eminence

The prominence at the corner of the mouth, influenced by several muscles including the zygomaticus major, buccinator, depressor anguli oris, and levator anguli oris.

Nasolabial Fold

The crease extending from the side of the nose to the corner of the mouth, influenced by the zygomaticus major, quadratus labii superioris and levator anguli oris.

Bucco-Facial Sulcus

The groove or furrow between the cheek and jawline, influenced by the buccinator and platysma muscles.

Alveolar Processes

The ridges of the mandible and maxilla that contain the tooth sockets.

Maxillary Bones

The bones of the upper jaw.

Canine Fossa

A depression in the maxilla bone above the canine tooth.

Fascia

A band or sheet of connective tissue.

Mental Eminence

The triangular projection of the chin, created by the mentalis muscle.

Mandibular Sulcus

The groove or furrow along the jawline, influenced by the platysma muscle.

Serrated Jawline

The appearance of a jagged or notched jawline, influenced by the platysma muscle.

Platysmal Sulci

The vertical wrinkles or bands on the neck, created by the platysma muscle.

Mastoid Process

A bony projection at the base of the temporal bone, where the sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts.

Hyoid Bone

A U-shaped bone in the neck, unique because it does not articulate with any other bone.

Subcutaneous Tissue

The layer of tissue beneath the skin

Adipose

Fatty tissue

Integument

The skin.

Derma

The inner layer of the skin

Epidermis

The outer layer of the skin.

Occipitofrontalis (Epicranius)

Unpaired muscle with frontal and occipital bellies connected by the galea aponeurotica.

Function: draws the scalp posteriorly and anteriorly, and raises the eyebrows.
Effect on surface form: creates transverse frontal sulci.
The occipital belly originates at the posterior base of the cranium and inserts into the galea aponeurotica; contraction moves the ears and scalp.
The frontal belly originates with the galea aponeurotica and inserts into muscle fibers above the eyes.

Temporalis

A broad, fan-shaped, paired muscle located on the temporal bone.

Considered the strongest chewing muscle.
Function: raises and lowers the mandible.
Origin: along the temporal bone.
Insertion: coronoid process of the mandible.

Masseter

Located along the side of the face, below the zygomatic arch, and paired.

Function: closes the mandible and provides bulk to the side of the cheek.
Origin: anterior 2/3 of the zygomatic arch and lower border of the cheekbone.
Insertion: angle of the jaw and lower half of the ramus.

Function: closes the mandible and provides bulk to the side of the cheek.

Origin: anterior 2/3 of the zygomatic arch and lower border of the cheekbone.

Insertion: angle of the jaw and lower half of the ramus.

Orbicularis Oculi

A simple, paired sphincter muscle surrounding the eyelids.

Function: closes the eyelids.
Origin: along the bony margins of the eye sockets.
Insertion: eyelids.
Effect on surface form: optic facial sulci (crow's feet).

Corrugator

Paired muscle located at the medial ends of the eyebrows.

Also known as the frowning muscle.
Function: draws the eyebrows inferiorly and medially.
Origin: near the root of the nose.
Insertion: skin at the middle of the eyebrow.
Effect on surface form: vertical interciliary sulci.

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Small, flat, paired muscles located above the eyeball.

Function: elevates/raises the upper eyelid.
Effect on surface form: palpebral fold.
Origin: deep in the roof of the orbit.
Insertion: into the fibers and skin of the upper eyelid.
May be severed to facilitate eye closure in some circumstances.

Procerus

Unpaired muscle located on the nasal bones.

Function: draws the skin of the nose and lower forehead downward.
Effect on surface form: transverse interciliary sulci.
Origin: inferior margins of the anterior plane of the nasal bones.
Insertion: fibers of the frontalis muscle and skin between the eyebrows.

Orbicularis Oris

Unpaired muscle encircling the mouth with radiating fibers.

Not a simple sphincter muscle.
Function: closes the mouth.
Effect on surface form: philtrum.
Origin & Insertion: muscle and skin surrounding the mouth.

Zygomaticus Major

Paired muscle running from the cheek to the corner of the mouth.

Also known as the laughing muscle.
Function: raises the corners of the mouth.
Effects on surface form: angulus oris eminence, and helps create the nasolabial fold.
Origin: posterior margin of the zygomatic bones.
Insertion: skin and muscles at the angle of the mouth.

Insertion: skin and muscles at the angle of the mouth.

Buccinator

A thin, broad, paired muscle lining the cheek horizontally.

Also known as the trumpeter's muscle.
Function: retracts the angles/corners of the mouth.
Effects on surface form: angulus oris eminence, bucco-facial sulcus, and helps form the lateral walls of the cheek.
Origin: alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillary bones.
Insertion: orbicularis oris and the skin at the angle of the mouth.

Depressor Anguli Oris (Triangularis)

Paired muscle located below the angle of the mouth.

Function: depresses the angle of the mouth.
Effect on surface form: angulus oris eminence.
Origin: along the line of the jaw.
Insertion: skin and muscles at the angle of the mouth.

Quadratus Labii Superioris

A multi-headed, paired group made of three muscles: Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, Levator Labii Superioris, and Zygomaticus Minor.

Function: raises the upper lip.
Location: below each eye along the cheek.
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic bones.
Insertion: into the orbicularis oris muscle and skin at the superior margin of the upper lip.
Effect on surface form: nasolabial sulcus.

Levator Anguli Oris

Paired muscle located beneath the quadratus labii superioris

Function: elevates the angle/corner of the mouth.
Effect on surface form: helps to form both the nasolabial fold and the angulus oris eminence.
Origin: canine fossa.
Insertion: into the angle of the mouth where its fibers intermingle with other muscles in this region..

Risorius

Paired muscle located on the anterior and lateral cheek.

Also known as the false smile muscle.

Function: draws the angle of the mouth laterally.

Effect on surface form: helps create the lateral cheek wall.

Origin: fascia over the masseter muscle.
Insertion: skin at the angle of the mouth.

Depressor Labii Inferioris (Quadratus)

Paired muscle located below the corners of the mouth.

Function: depresses the lower lip.

Effect on surface form: space filler.

Origin: at the base and side of the chin.

Insertion: skin of the lower lip.

Mentalis

Unpaired muscle located on the chin.

Function: elevates and protrudes the inferior lip, wrinkles the skin over the chin.

Origin: on top of the chin at the bone.

Insertion: skin at the base of the chin.

Effect on surface form: thick short mass causes the surface to have greater anterior projection and creates the mental eminence; can be responsible for a cleft (or bilobated) chin.

Platysma

A thin, flat, and very large paired sheet of muscle lining the skin on the anterior surface of the neck.

Function: depresses the mandible and inferior lip; wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest.

Origin: at the collar bone, extending upward to the lower jaw.

Insertion: continues over the jawbone, inserting into the skin of the lateral cheek, lower lip, and corners of the mouth.

Effects on surface form: bucco-facial sulcus, mandibular sulcus/serrated jawline, and platysmal sulci.

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A long, fleshy, paired muscle giving form to the side of the neck.

Function: rotates and depresses the head.

Origin: pit of the neck, sternum & clavicle.

Insertion: extends upward to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

Effect on surface form: widest part of the neck is measured from one belly of one SCM to the other.

Digastric

A double-bellied, paired muscle located below the body of the mandible that draws the hyoid bone superiorly.

Function: helps manipulate the tongue (making speech possible).

Effect on surface form: cords of the neck.

Origin: behind & below the incisor teeth of the mandible

Insertion: hyoid bone.

The hyoid bone is the only bone in the human body that does not articulate with another bone.