phonetics exam 1!!

Phonetics

Study of speech sounds

Articulatory phonetics

how speech sounds are physically produced

Acoustic phonetics

physical properties of sound waves

Perceptual phonetics

how speech sounds are heard/perceived

Experimental phonetics

how speech sounds are recorded, measured, and studied

clinical phonetics

application of phonetics to speech disorders

allograph

different written letter combinations that can represent the same sound

morpheme

smallest unit of language that carries meaning

phoneme

smallest contrastive unit of sound

minimal pair

two words that differ by only one phoneme

allophone

a slightly different pronunciation of the same phoneme

onset

consonants before the nucleus

nucleus

usually the vowel in a syllable

coda

consonants after the nucleus

rime

nucleus + coda

open syllable

syllable with no coda

closed syllable

syllable with a coda

primary stress

strongest stressed syllable

secondary stress

syllable with the next strongest stress

fricative

sound created with turbulent airflow

Replacing a back sound with a sound produced farther forward

Fronting

Articulatory / Physiological

How is the sound made?

Acoustic

What does the sound wave look like?

What does articulatory phonetics focus on?

• Lips, Tongue, Teeth, Vocal tract, Vocal folds

What does acoustic phonetics focus on?

• Frequency = pitch, Intensity = loudness, Duration = length of sound

Perceptual

How does the listener hear the sound?

Experimental

How do researchers study speech?

How do researchers study speech?

Includes recording, storing, and analyzing speech.

Clinical

How does an SLP use phonetics?

Clinical phonetics includes

Transcription, Identifying errors, Assessment, treatment

Why Do We Need IPA?

English has 26 letters but around 44 speech sounds.

Allows professionals to use a consistent system for representing sounds

What does IPA allow?

Minimal Pairs

Two words that differ by only one phoneme.

Respiratory

air/power

Laryngeal

larynx / voice box

What is the larynx important

• Phonation and Voicing

Supralaryngeal

Everything above the larynx involved in shaping speech

Lungs

Two organs that fill with air.

What do the lungs do?

Provide airflow needed for speech.

Trachea

Airway/windpipe.

What is the trachea

A tube carrying air from the lungs upward.

Rib cage

houses and protects lungs

thorax

chest/thoracic cavity

abdomen

Contains muscles that help support breathing

diaphragm at rest

bowl shape

diaphragm during inhalation

contracts, moves downward, flattens

What percentage is exhalation?

90%

What percentage of speech breathing is inhalation?

10%

What are the three speech-production systems?

Respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal.

free morpheme

can stand alone

bound morpheme

cannot stand alone

Why do we need the IPA?

IPA provides a universal/consistent way to represent speech sounds.

If SLPs didn't use transcription consistently, it could affect:

Diagnosis, Treatment goals, Tracking progress, Communication between professionals

Who uses phonetics/IPA?

Linguists, translators, singers,

What are the 3 components of phonetics?

Form, substance, and perception

What does “form” refer to in phonetics?

How speech sounds are articulated/produced.

What does “substance” refer to?

The acoustic properties of speech sounds.

What does “perception” refer to?

How speech sounds are heard and interpreted.

Why do we need the IPA?

English letters do not represent every speech sound, and IPA creates consistency among professionals.

What does IPA stand for?

International Phonetic Alphabet

What does articulatory/physiological phonetics study?

The anatomy and physiology involved in producing speech sounds.

What does acoustic phonetics study?

The physical/nature of speech sounds and their waveforms.

Give something measured in acoustic phonetics.

Frequency, intensity, or duration.

What does perceptual phonetics study?

How listeners hear and interpret speech sounds.

What does experimental phonetics study?

How speech is studied, captured, recorded, stored, analyzed, and transmitted.

What does clinical phonetics focus on?

Practical professional use of phonetics for transcription, assessment, and treatment/intervention.

how many speech sounds are used in English?

44

How many letters are in the English alphabet?

26

50%

Approximately what percentage of English words have silent letters?

What is a grapheme?

A written/printed letter.

What is a digraph?

Two written letters that represent one sound.

Grapheme example

B

Digraph example

sh in “fish” “ship”

What is a morpheme?

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.

Morpheme example

“-s” in birds

What is a free morpheme?

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word.

Free morpheme example

bird

Bound morpheme example

-s

What is a bound morpheme?

A morpheme that cannot stand alone.

How many morphemes are in “dogs”?

2

Allophone example

“f” in fan and “ph” in phone

Allophone example

the /l/ in lip versus the /l/ in pill.

Phoneme

a speech sound that can change the meaning of a word

Phoneme example

/p/ and /b/ are different phonemes because pat and bat have different meanings.

Minimal pair example

sick / pick