Intro to Hematology | Quizlet

what are the components of plasma?

water, proteins (specifically albumin), salts, lipids (cholesterol), carbohydrates (glucose), gases (O2 and CO2)

what are the cellular components of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

which blood cells are derived from the myeloid cell line?

erythrocytes, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, thrombocytes

which blood cells are NOT derived from the myeloid cell line?

lymphocytes and natural killer cells

where do T cells mature?

thymus

where do B cells live/mature?

bone marrow

where do granulocytes live/mature?

bone marrow

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

T cells and B cells

where do T cells and B cells circulate once mature?

throughout the lymphatic system: lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissues, blood

what is the shape of an erythrocyte?

biconcave disc

what is a central pallor?

lighter-looking area in center of RBC on slides due to biconcave disc shape

what is at the center of a heme molecule?

reduced ferrous iron

how many units of heme are in a hemoglobin molecule?

4

what does hemoglobin do?

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body parts AND takes CO2 from body parts and delivers it to the lungs to be exhaled

how many globin molecules are in hemoglobin?

4

what are the breakdown products of hemoglobin?

iron and globin- recycled

protoporphyrin complex- becomes bilirubin and is wasted

what are the three types of granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

what do neutrophils do?

neutrophils perform phagocytosis and release enzymes to kill pathogens

what do eosinophils do?

defense against parasites and have a role in allergies

what do basophils do?

produce histamine, heparin, and IL-4 that is involved with allergic reactions (some parasitic defense)

what is the function of a monocyte?

perform phagocytosis and enzymatic destruction of pathogens

what does a monocyte become and why?

a monocyte can develop into a macrophage if sent to diseased tissue by cytokines, so they can aid with tissue repair (different for every tissue they are sent to)

what is the function of a B cell?

B cells make antibodies that are used to defend against unknown antigen ONCE LEARNED

what is a plasma cell?

a differentiated B cell that produces specific antibodies for the duration of its life- CAN NEVER CHANGE

what do plasma cells divide into?

a differentiated B cell (like itself) and a memory cell

what is a memory cell?

offspring to a plasma cell that remembers how to make specific antibodies, but does not actively produce them

blast

progenitor/stem cell

what are band cells

bi-loded nuclei cells that are immature

why is a large amount of band cells in the blood concerning?

bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils because it does not have time to fully mature them

what can basophils become?

mast cells

what are mast cells?

activated basophils that are within inflamed tissues

what makes thrombocytes?

megakaryocytes

what is a "small lymphocyte"

unactivated lymphocyte circulating blood evaluating for pathology

what is the concentration of RBC in the plasma?

millions of cells per microliter of plasma

what is the concentration of WBC in the plasma?

1000-10000s of cells per mcL

what is the concentration of platelets in the plasma?

100,000s of cells per mcL

why are granulocytes named what they are?

philo means love: color of the stain they each love

what do the granulocytes stain?

neutrophils- neutral (more red)

basophils- blue

eosinophils- red

how many nuclei do neutrophils have?

3-4 lobed nuclei

how many nuclei do eosinophils have?

bi loded nuclei

what is the composition of blood?

55% plasma, 45% cells

what percentage of plasma is water?

92%

what is the most plentiful protein in plasma?

albumin

what is serum?

plasma without the clotting factors

what is plasma?

liquid portion of blood WITH clotting factors

why would you anticoagulate blood?

to include clotting factors on test (AKA to look at plasma and clotting factors)

what are APRs?

acute phase reactants

what do APRs do?

change their plasma concentration by at least 25% in response to cytokines

what are cytokines?

chemical messengers produced in response to inflammation to make other cells/tissues do something

what is the difference between positive APRs and negative APRs

positive- increase by 25% or more

negative- decrease by 25% or more

globin

protein component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen- alpha, beta, gamma, theta

hemoglobin-A

most common Hb in adults, two alpha two beta groups

heme

ferrous iron in center surrounded by protoporphyrin complex

reticulocyte

immature red blood cells with residual ribosomal RNA

howell jolly bodies

RBCs with inclusions of DNA remnants

basophilic stippling

ribosomes that are stained blue in immature RBCs indicating lead/heavy metal poisoning

heinz bodies

immature RBCs with denatured hemoglobin remains

nucleated RBCs

RBCs containing a nucleus, seen when bone marrow is under a lot of stress

microcytic RBCs

RBCs that are smaller, associated with iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia

macrocytic RBCs

larger RBCs due to:

• B12 and folate deficiency

• alcoholism

• down syndrome

• hypothyroidism

• liver disease

mean corpuscular volume

mean volume size of RBCs

red cell distribution of width

distribution of sizes of RBCs

anisocytosis

high distribution of RBCs sizes

reticulocytosis

large amount of immature reticulocytes in the blood

• causes elevated RDW and MCV

poikilocytosis

abnormal shaped RBC

ovalocyte

oval shaped RBC

elliptocytes

elliptical shaped RBC

spherocytes

small, dense sphere shaped RBC

• increased osmotic fragility

schistocytes

broken up, fragmented RBCs

• indicates something destroying RBCs

tear drop cells

tear drop shaped RBCs- indicates RBCs being made outside of the bone marrow

sickle cell anemia

sickle shaped RBCs

• patients asplenic due to damage to capillaries/blood flow to the spleen

RBC rouleaux

large stack of RBCs that are stuck together due to fibrinogen

erythrocyte sedimentation test

how fast RBCs settle in a tube

• rouleaux RBCs have faster EST

hypochromic RBC

more than 1/3 pale

hyperchromic RBC

central pallor gone and super red, spherocytes

percents of WBCs

neutrophils- 60-70%

eosinophils- 1-3%

basophils- <1%

eosinophilia

increased amount of eosinophils in blood

NAACP mnemonic for eosinophilia

N- neoplasmic, A- asthma, A- allergic reactions, C- collagen vascular disease (autoimmune disease), P- parasites

basophilia OR basophilic leukocytosis

increase of basophils in the blood, unusual

caused by: leukemia (CML), allergic reactions, hypothyroidism, TB/viruses

natural killer cells

innately know how to find and kill infected cells/tumor cells

atypical lymphocytes

have large nuclei, more cytoplasm, and are larger: indicate mononucleosis

what substances can plts release?

vasoconstrictors: substances that either cause blood vessels to constrict or relax depending on what is needed

cytokines: alert other platelets to come to site they are needed to clot at

blood types

type O (lacks any antigen), type A (lacks B antigen), type B (lacks A antigen), type AB (has both antigens)

universal donor

O-

universal recipient

AB+

D antigen

determines if person is Rh- or Rh+

when do Rh- mothers need to get Rhogam?

after delivering Rh+ baby, routinely at 26-28 weeks, after maternal or fetal bleeding, actual or threatened pregnancy loss, after ectopic pregnancy

when do you get a unit of PRBCs?

when hemoglobin is less than 8

one unit increases HCT by 3% and Hb by 1

what is the relationship between HCT and Hb?

HCT is approximately three times the hemoglobin level measured

type and screen

identify major/minor antibodies in given recipient

type and cross

match recipient with donor blood to ensure compatibility before transfusion *only do if you know you need to transfuse

graph vs host disease (GVHD)

donors blood attacks recipient- usually due to WBCs not being properly removed from the blood

smudge cells

cells in process of death (apoptosis)

hemozoin

inclusion of hemoglobin remnants in either RBCs or WBCs when infected with malaria

erythroblastosis fetalis

a condition that occurs when the maternal immune system generates antibodies against fetal red blood cells. fetal blood cells will start to lyze