Cardiovascular System

The heart functions as a pump for circulating __________ in both pulmonary and systemic circulations.

blood

The heart is located in the __________ between the lungs and is enclosed in a double-walled pericardium sac.

mediastinum

The outer fibrous pericardium anchors to the __________.

diaphragm

The inner cavity of the pericardium is filled with serous membrane which secretes fluid to reduce __________ during heartbeats.

friction

The visceral pericardium directly covers the heart's surface and is continuous with the __________.

epicardium

The myocardium is composed of specialized smooth __________ muscle cells which contract rhythmically to pump blood.

cardiac

The left ventricular wall is thicker to generate the necessary pressure to pump blood throughout the __________ circulation.

systemic

The right ventricular wall is thinner and pumps deoxygenated blood to the __________ for oxygenation.

lungs

The inner layer of the heart is called __________, which lines the chambers and is composed of endothelial cells.

endocardium

Atrioventricular valves include the tricuspid and __________ valves.

mitral

The __________ prevents backflow of blood during contraction.

atrioventricular valves

The __________ is a muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart.

septum

The conduction system relies on specialized cells known as __________ cells to initiate and propagate electrical impulses.

pacemaker

Desmosomes facilitate adhesion between cardiac muscle cells, ensuring synchronized __________.

contractions

Atrial contraction is represented by the __________ in an electrocardiogram.

P wave

Ventricular contraction is represented by the __________ complex in an electrocardiogram.

QRS

The __________ Node acts as a gatekeeper in the conduction system, delaying signals.

AV

The __________ lies in the right atrium and depolarizes, spreading pulse to atriums.

SA (Sino Atrial) node

The __________ of His connects the AV node to the ventricles.

AV Bundle

The cardiac control center is located in the __________ of the brain.

medulla

Baroreceptors detect blood pressure changes and send signals to the cardiac control center via __________ pathways.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ in heart rate.

increases

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ in heart rate.

decreases

The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart, including the left atrium and __________.

left ventricle

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right side of the heart, including the __________ and right ventricle.

right atrium

Collaterals in coronary circulation are known as __________ that maintain blood flow in case of blockage.

anastomoses

In the cardiac cycle, diastole is the phase of __________ and systole is the phase of cardiac contraction.

relaxation

During diastole, increased atrial pressure opens the __________ valves and ventricles fill.

AV

When ventricles contract, pressure closes the __________ valves and atria relax.

AV

The 'lubb' sound from heart auscultation results from closure of __________ valves.

AV

The 'dupp' sound signals closure of __________ valves at the end of systole.

semilunar

Blood pressure (BP) is influenced by cardiac __________, blood volume, and peripheral resistance.

output

Cardiac output is calculated using the formula __________.

CO = SV x HR

Increased heart rate leads to increased cardiac output and can elevate __________.

blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption and consequently increases __________.

blood pressure

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the build-up of __________ on the artery walls.

plaque

Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a __________.

heart attack

Angina pectoris results from a deficit of __________ to meet myocardial needs.

oxygen

Ventricular fibrillation is a condition where muscle fibers conduct __________ and rapidly, potentially leading to cardiac standstill.

independently

Symptoms of congestive heart failure include shortness of breath and __________ in the lungs.

fluid accumulation

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by a heart rate over __________ beats/min.

350

SA node abnormalities can lead to __________ heart rate, which is defined as a rate less than 60 beats/min.

bradycardia

Atrial flutter typically results in an atrial heart rate of __________ beats/min.

160 to 350

Rheumatic fever may occur after an untreated __________ infection.

streptococcal