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What is the process of lithification?
A physical and chemical process that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
How does lithification occur during the formation of sedimentary rock?
Compaction- sediments are forced together by the weight of the sediments above
Cementation- minerals glue sediment grains together to form a solid rock
What is the process of metamorphism in rocks and what two conditions are needed to start the metamorphic process?
Heat and pressure is applied to the rocks and causes the molecules and atoms to rearrange, but not melt the rock
What is foliation and how does it correlate to the two different types of metamorphic rock?
Foliated- banded or layered appearance
Nonfoliated- no banded texture
What is the rock cycle?
Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types
What is the difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering?
Mechanical- occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition
Chemical- transformation of rock into one or more new compounds
What is the most important agent of chemical weathering?
Water
What are the four major components of soil?
Mineral matter, humus, water, and air
What are the five important factors in soil formation? Describe them
Parent material- bedrock in residual soil
Time- the longer a soil has been forming, the thicker it is
Climate- greatest effect on soil formation
Organisms- influence soilās physical and chemical properties
Slope- steep slopes lead to bad soil, orientation (direction slope faces) influences soil formation
What are the two types of soil erosion?
Water and wind erosion
What are the differences between base level and local level? Where are they located?
Base level- lowest point to which a stream can erode (the level at which the mouth of a stream enters an ocean, lake, or another stream)
Local level- where a stream enters another body of water (lake, river, or stream)
What is a drainage basin and what is it used for?
Land area that contributes water to a stream
What are the various mass movements?
Rockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creeps
When do rockfalls occur and how are they caused?
When slopes are too steep for materials to remain on the surface, often caused by frost wedging
What is a slide and where do they often occur?
A block of material that moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface, often occur in mountainous areas
What is a slump?
The downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface
What is a flow?
Mass movements of material containing a large amount of water
(mudflow and earthflow)
What is a creep?
The slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith
What is the difference between stalactite and stalagmites?
Stalactites hang from the ceiling, stalagmites grow from the floor
How does the water cycle work and how does it stay balanced?
Precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, condensation, runoff, transpiration
Stays balances by the average annual precipitation = amount of evaporation water
What is an aquifer and how does it maintain water?
Permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
Where is the zone of saturation?
Area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock
Where is the zone of aeration?
Area above the water table where the pore space is filled with air
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley glaciers and ice sheets
What are valley glaciers?
Ice masses that slowly go down mountain valleys originally occupied by streams
What are ice sheets?
Big ice masses that flow in all directions, they donāt cover the highest land
What term is used when large pieces of ice break off a glacier? What is the result?
Calvingāmakes icebergs
What are the two types of glacial erosion?
Plucking and abrasion
What is plucking?
Lifting of rock blocks
What is abrasion?
Occurs when the glacier with rock fragments slide across bedrock
What is a glacial trough?
U-shaped valley that was once V-shaped but was deepened by a glacier
What is a hanging valley?
A former tributary glacier valley that is cut into the upper part of a U-shaped glacier valley
What is a cirque?
Bowl-shaped depression at the head of a glacial valley
What is an arĆŖtes?
Snaking, sharp-edged ridged
What is a horn?
Sharp pyramid-like peaks that project above mountain landscapes
What are the two types of glacial drift?
Till and stratified drift
What is a till?
Material deposited directly by the glacier
What is a stratified drift?
Sediment laid down by glacial meltwater
What are the three different types of faults?
Normal, reverse, and strike-slip
How do normal faults occur?
When the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block
How do reverse faults occur?
The hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block
How do strike-slip faults occur?
The movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend or strike of the fault surface
What is the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake?
Focus- the point within Earth where the earthquake starts
Epicenter- the location on the surface directly above the focus
What are the three different types of seismic waves?
P waves, S waves, and Surface waves
What are P waves characteristics?
They travel fastest, are push-pull waves, and travel through solids, liquids, and gases
What are S waves characteristics?
They are slower than P waves, shake particles at right angles to the direction they travel, they travel along Earthās outer layer
What are surface waves characteristics?
The slowest type of waves, moves group up/down and side to side, are the most destructive
What is a tsunami and how do they form?
Big waves;
One triggered by an earthquake occurs where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault
Can also occur when the vibration of a quake sets an underwater landslide into motion
What is the process of liquefaction and how does it occur?
Occurs in areas where soil and rocks are captured with water
-the ground cannot support structure and soil acts as liquid
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