Chapter 10 : Water-Soluble Vitamins (Smartbook)

Choose the vitamins that are classified as water-soluble. (Select all that apply)

Biotin

Taurine

Niacin

Pantothenic acid

Folate

Biotin

Niacin

Pantothenic acid

Folate

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

Water-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are ______.

used as enzymes

not used at all

used as coenzymes

used as coenzymes

Thiamin plays a role in the metabolism of ______-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

branched

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a degenerative brain disorder that occurs with a deficiency of ______, typically in individuals with alcohol use disorder.

thiamin

The B vitamins and vitamin C are ______ vitamins.

water-soluble

fat-soluble

water-soluble

Most cases of ______-______ syndrome occur in people with alcohol use disorder, because alcohol reduces thiamin absorption and increases the vitamin's excretion.

Wernicke-Korsakoff

The ______-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted by the body, however, the kidney can filter excess ______-soluble vitamins so they are eliminated in the urine.

fat, water

When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, it is functioning as a(n) ______.

coenzyme

Which of the following are signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Staggering gait

Abnormal eye movements

Distorted thought processes

Rapid weight gain

Staggering gait

Abnormal eye movements

Distorted thought processes

A water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates is ______.

thiamin

Which disease is associated with a thiamin deficiency?

Anencephaly

Spina bifida

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Pellagra

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Which group would be most at risk for developing Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

People with alcohol use disorder

Children

African-Americans

Adults

People with alcohol use disorder

Thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because:

vitamin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is tightly regulated.

the liver converts excess vitamin into a less harmful molecule.

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine.

excess vitamin is stored in the liver.

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine.

The vitamin that is a component of FMN and FAD, two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, is ______. Yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin.

riboflavin

Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of ______-______ syndrome.

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

Biotin

Vitamin C

Thiamin

Riboflavin

Riboflavin

Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?

Vitamin A

Vitamin E

Thiamin

Vitamin K

Thiamin

Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?

Biotin

Choline

Niacin

Niacin

Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism?

Choline

Biotin

Riboflavin

Folate

Riboflavin

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched cereals are all good sources of ______.

vitamin C

vitamin B-12

niacin

thiamin

niacin

Flushing is a possible side effect when using the vitamin ______ to treat elevated LDL cholesterol.

niacin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

vitamin B-12

biotin

vitamin E

thiamin

thiamin

What are some food sources of riboflavin?

(Select all that apply)

Milk

Pork

Yogurt

Spinach

Milk

Yogurt

Spinach

Choose functions of niacin. (Select all that apply)

Used to make NAD and NADP

Involved in the pathway that releases energy from macronutrients

Involved in at least 200 reactions

Helps to control blood glucose levels

Used to make NAD and NADP

Involved in the pathway that releases energy from macronutrients

Involved in at least 200 reactions

Which of the following are food sources of niacin? (Select all that apply)

Salmon

Spinach

Beef liver

Tuna

Salmon

Beef liver

Tuna

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for: (Select all that apply)

protein production.

fatty acid synthesis.

energy metabolism.

glycogen breakdown.

fatty acid synthesis.

energy metabolism.

Side effects of niacin therapy include: (Select all that apply)

bruising.

flushing of the skin.

liver damage.

nausea.

flushing of the skin.

liver damage.

nausea.

Good sources of pantothenic acid are: (Select all that apply)

non-fortified cereals.

sunflower seeds.

walnuts

mushrooms.

sunflower seeds.

walnuts

mushrooms.

Biotin's roles in the body include: (Select all that apply)

protein synthesis.

glucose synthesis.

fatty acid synthesis.

amino acid breakdown.

glucose synthesis.

fatty acid synthesis.

amino acid breakdown.

Niacin participates in which of the following?

Energy metabolism

DNA synthesis

Bone mineralization

Immune system functioning

Energy metabolism

A deficiency of the B vitamin, ______, is rare because it is produced by intestinal bacteria and is found in a wide variety of foods.

biotin

Pantothenic acid is a component of ______ ______.

coenzyme A

Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common.

True

False

False

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that ______.

depend on the activity of antioxidants

transfer methyl groups to other compounds

add carbon dioxide to other compounds

add carbon dioxide to other compounds

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B-12

Biotin

Folate

Biotin

Vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping the toxic amino acid ______ from accumulating in the blood.

homocysteine

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?

folic acid

homocysteine

THF

folic acid

What are some good food sources of folate? (Select all that apply)

Asparagus

Liver

Leafy vegetables

Milk and yogurt

Asparagus

Liver

Leafy vegetables

Anencephaly and ______ ______are two neural tube defects that may occur if a pregnant woman's diet is low in folate.

spina bifida

Choose functions of pantothenic acid. (Select all that apply)

Releases energy from macronutrients

Component of coenzyme A

Needed for fatty acid synthesis

Helps with wound healing

Releases energy from macronutrients

Component of coenzyme A

Needed for fatty acid synthesis

The recommendation that women of childbearing age should consume sufficient folic acid before conception and in early pregnancy is because: (Select all that apply)

the neural tube forms about 21 days after conception.

many women are not even aware they are pregnant until after the development of the neural tube.

supplement manufacturers want to sell more supplements.

folic acid must build up in the bloodstream in order to prevent neural tube defects.

the neural tube forms about 21 days after conception.

many women are not even aware they are pregnant until after the development of the neural tube.

______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.

Riboflavin

Niacin

Vitamin B-6

Vitamin C

Vitamin B-6

The synthetic form of folate is called ______ ______.

folic acid

Which foods contain the richest sources of folate? (Select all that apply)

Enriched grains

Eggs and dairy

Fortified cereals

Meat and fish

Enriched grains

Fortified cereals

The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the: (Select all that apply)

lungs.

heart.

spinal cord.

liver.

brain.

spinal cord.

brain.

What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consumed sufficient folic acid before conception and in early pregnancy?

50%

10%

25%

75%

50%

What has decreased the incidence of neural tube defects by about 30%?

Enrichment of foods with folic acid

Regular multiple vitamin intake

Enrichment of foods with thiamin

Fortification of foods with folate

Enrichment of foods with folic acid

Match the vitamin to its correct description.

(A B vitamin found naturally in foods, Manmade version sold as supplements and added to foods)

Folate <--> ______

Folic Acid <--> ______

Folate <--> A B vitamin found naturally in foods

Folic Acid <--> Manmade version sold as supplements and added to foods

To make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate, cells require vitamin ______-______.

B-12

Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

Riboflavin

Vitamin B-12

Folate

Vitamin C

Vitamin B-12

A diet adequate in ______ is recommended for preventing neural tube defects in infants.

thiamin

riboflavin

vitamin C

folate

folate

People who eat little/no animal products may have a deficiency of vitamin ______-______

B-12

Adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the ______ ______ forms about 21 days after conception.

neural tube

Neural tube defects in newborns have declined by about 30% since foods have been enriched with ______ beginning in 1998.

biotin

folic acid

vitamin A

vitamin B-12

folic acid

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate?

Vitamin B-6

Biotin

Thiamin

Vitamin B-12

Vitamin B-12

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12? (Select all that apply)

Leafy greens

Milk

Meat

Poultry

Milk

Meat

Poultry

Most cases of vitamin B-12 deficiency result from ______.

problems with intestinal absorption

poor bioavailability of the vitamin in foods

inadequate intake of the vitamin

problems with intestinal absorption

Since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat are at risk for a deficiency of ______.

biotin

vitamin C

vitamin B-12

folate

vitamin B-12

A vitamin B-12 deficiency is more common in which group due to the fact that the HCI production in their stomach declines?

Adolescents

Infants

Older adults

Children

Older adults

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Choline

Thiamin

Niacin

Vitamin C

The prevalence of neural tube defects has ______ by about 30% since enrichment of foods with folic acid began in 1998.

declined

increased

declined

Vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its ______ properties.

antioxidant

Why does vitamin C enhance the absorption of nonheme iron? (Select all that apply)

Vitamin C forms a complex with iron, enhancing the body's ability to absorb the mineral.

Vitamin C decreases the size of the nonheme iron molecule making it easier to absorb.

Vitamin C donates an electron to nonheme iron making it more absorbable.

Vitamin C will not enhance the absorption of nonheme iron.

Vitamin C forms a complex with iron, enhancing the body's ability to absorb the mineral.

Vitamin C donates an electron to nonheme iron making it more absorbable.

Most cases of a vitamin ______-______ deficiency result from problems associated with intestinal absorption, not from inadequate intakes.

B-12

Why is a vitamin B-12 deficiency more common among older adults? (Select all that apply)

HCI production in their stomachs declines.

They are unable to release the vitamin from animal protein.

They do not consume adequate amounts of the vitamin.

HCI production in their stomachs declines.

They are unable to release the vitamin from animal protein.

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C? (Select all that apply)

Carbohydrate metabolism

DNA synthesis

Immune system functioning

Collagen synthesis

Immune system functioning

Collagen synthesis

Vitamin C can act as a(n) ______ by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as a(n) ______ by promoting radical production.

antioxidant; prooxidant

acid; base

base; acid

prooxidant; antioxidant

antioxidant; prooxidant

Choose the foods that will enhance the absorption of nonheme iron. (Select all that apply)

Dairy foods

Citrus fruits

Peppers

Nuts and seeds

Citrus fruits

Peppers

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C? (Select all that apply)

Dairy products

Citrus fruits

Strawberries

Whole wheat bread

Broccoli

Citrus fruits

Strawberries

Broccoli

Because exposure to tobacco smoke increases free radical formation in the lungs, smokers have a higher requirement for vitamin ______.

C

Scientific studies show that taking vitamin C is an effective way to prevent the common cold.

True

False

False

A common food additive included in certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called ______.

lecithin

Which of the following are risk factors for cancer? (Select all that apply)

Aging

Family history

Using tobacco

Being very thin

Aging

Family history

Using tobacco

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Meats, nuts, and seeds

Dairy and vegetables

Fruits and vegetables

Grains and fruits

Fruits and vegetables

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because:

they tend to over-excrete vitamin C from food sources.

of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.

they tend to malabsorb vitamin C from food sources.

of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.

Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin ______ prevent the common cold.

C

Why is lecithin added to certain foods?

To help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed

To keep a food from becoming rancid

To keep ingredients in a food separated

To increase the shelf life of a food

To help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed

Aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors for ______.

cancer

osteoporosis

spina bifida

pellagra

cancer

An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity.

True

False

True

Alcohol is considered to be a(n) ______, a cancer causing agent.

carcinogen

The sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite added to processed meats can form ______, which are carcinogens implicated in colon cancer development.

nitrosamines

Which of the following is high in vitamin C, carotenoids, and other phytochemicals that can reduce the risk of cancer?

Fruits and vegetables

Grains

Dairy products

Meats

Fruits and vegetables

______ helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product.

Carnitine

Lecithin

An antioxidant

Acetylcholine

Lecithin

Individuals with excess body fat and are obese have a higher risk of ______.

cancer

phenylketonuria

cystic fibrosis

type 1 diabetes

cancer

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include: (Select all that apply)

increasing your intake of whole grains.

limiting consumption of red meat.

increasing your intake of processed meat.

increasing your intake of fruits.

increasing your intake of whole grains.

limiting consumption of red meat.

increasing your intake of fruits.

Which of the following, typically consumed in beverages, is considered to be a carcinogen?

Caffeine

Alcohol

Sugar

Aspartame, an artificial sweetener

Alcohol

What is added to processed meats and is classified as a carcinogen?

salt

sodium nitrate

fat

coriander

sodium nitrate

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include: (Select all that apply)

phytochemicals.

vitamin C.

carotenoids.

taurine.

phytochemicals.

vitamin C.

carotenoids.

The American Cancer Society recommends that you do the following in order to reduce cancer risk. (Select all that apply)

Increase red meat consumption

Maintain a healthy weight

Become physically active

Avoid exposure to tobacco

Maintain a healthy weight

Become physically active

Avoid exposure to tobacco

Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the stomach

True

False

False

Bioavailaibility of thiamin in the body may be decreased due toe excessive intake of which of the following?

Fiber

Added sugars

Alcohol

Unenriched grain products

Alcohol

______ determines how a vitamin is classified.

Chemical structure

Bioavailability

Solubility

Digestibility

Solubility

Which vitamin is associated with the deficiency disease known as scurvy?

Thiamin

Vitamin C

Vitamin B-6

Niacin

Vitamin C

Consuming a meal containing vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron also in that meal

True

False

True

What are sores occurring on the outsides of the lips and corners of the lips?

Glossitis

Wet beriberi

Cheilosis

"Angry skin"

Cheilosis

What vitamin deficiency develops due to a lack of intrinsic factor?

B-12

Folate

B-6

Thiamin

B-12