CPO ECP ch. 7/8 and CCP ch. China/Nigeria/Germany

political violence

violence outside of state control that is politically motivated

relative deprivation model

model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change

revolution

public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime

Beijing Consensus

neomercantilist model of state-led capitalist development adopted by China and proposed as an alternative to the Western neoliberal model known as the Washington Consensus

Chinese Dream

Paramount leader Xi Jinping’s policy vision calling for China’s national rejuvenation, modernization, and prosperity

Cultural Revolution

Mao’s radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political control from rivals, resulting in a decade of social and political chaos

danwei (work unit) system

Maoist program providing all Chinese citizens lifetime affiliation with a work unit governing all aspects of their lives

floating population

China’s roughly 300 million itinerant peasants who have been leaving the countryside to seek urban employment since the 1990s

Hundred Flowers Campaign

Program (1956-1957) in which Mao encouraged intellectuals to offer criticism of national policy, followed by a crackdown on critics

iron rice bowl

term for Mao’s promise of cradle-to-grave health care, work, and retirement security, which has largely disappeared under reform and opening

May Fourth movement

student-led anti-imperialist cultural and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919

National Party Congress

CCP’s cumbersome representative body; more akin to a national political party convention

one country, two systems

term for China’s guarantee to Hong Kong of 50 years of domestic autonomy as a “special administrative region” after the British colony was returned to China in 1997

red capitalists

private entrepreneurs who are also members of the CCP and whose interests generally align with those of the party-state

Reds versus experts

term describing Mao’s policy favoring politically indoctrinated party cardres (Reds) over those people who had economic training (experts)

Three Represents

Jiang Zemin’s 2001 policy co-opting private entrepreneurs into the CCP

derivation formula

formula for distributing oil revenues between national and local governments in Nigeria

federal character principle

Nigerian quota system designed to ease ethnic tension by requiring the president to appoint ministers and civil servants from each Nigeran state

National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS)

a wide-ranging Nigerian reform program designed to stem government corruption and enhance economic infrastructure

patrimonialism

arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler’s will

state-nation

a multicultural or even multinational state that manages to retain relatively strong levels of patriotism from its citizens

zoning

a PDP system of presidential rotation; the party would alternate every two terms in nominating candidates from Nigeria’s north and south

developed democracy

a country with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development

modern

characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom than in the past

postmodern

characterized by a set of values that center on “quality of life” considerations and give less attention to material gain

basic law

Germany’s current constituiton

Bonn Republic

the nickname for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1945 to 1990 during Germany’s postwar division into East and West; named after West Germany’s capital city

catchall parties

parties that attempt to attract voters of all classes and are, therefore, generally centrist in their platforms

codetermination

the system requiring that unions occupy half of all seats on the boards of directors of Germany’s largest private firms

gasterbeiter

the German term for “guest workers,” or foreign workers allowed to reside temporarily in Germany to provide much-needed labor

minister-president (Germany)

the governor of a German state

social market economy

the term used in Germany to describe the country’s capitalist economy with strong social-democratic features

Weimar Republic

Germany’s first democratic republic (1919-33), the collapse of which led to Hitler’s totalitarian regime

modernization theory

democracy is created and consolidated by a broad process of modernization

Duverger’s Law

single-ballot, simple majority (plurality) electoral system leads to a two-party system

Mechanical effect

substantial over-representation of the two largest parties

psychological effect

discourages voters from “wasting votes”