CHAPTER III (Drugs and MOA)

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in CNS (COX-3)

Acetaminophen

Irreversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor

Aspirin

Nonselective COX inhibitor

Indomethacin

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (B-lactam)

Amoxicillin

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis (B-lactam)

Ampicillin

1st gen cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor

Cephalexin

Inhibits 50S ribosomal subunit (protein synthesis)

Chloramphenicol

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

Ciprofloxacin

Macrolide; inhibits 50S ribosome

Erythromycin

Guanine analog; inhibits viral DNA polymerase

Acyclovir

Binds ergosterol → membrane pores in fungi

T: systemic mycoses

Amphotericin B

Beta-1 selective blocker

Atenolol

ACE inhibitor → lowers Ang II, increases bradykinin

Captopril

Calcium channel blocker (no- DHP)

Diltiazem

ACE inhibitor

ACE inhibitor

Alpha-1 and non-selective beta-blocker

Labetalol

Arterial vasodilator via NO release

Hydralazine

Blocks Na+ channels; enhances GABA

Carbamazepine

Enhances GABA-A receptor activity (benzodiazepine)

T: Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms

Diazepam

Anxiety, alcohol withdrawal

Chlordiazepoxide

SSRI: Inhibits serotonin reuptake

T: Depression, OCD, anxiety

Fluoxetine

Inhibits inositol monophosphatase (mood stabilizer)

T: Bipolar disorder

Lithium

TCA: Inhibits serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake

T: enuresis

Imipramine

Inhibits calcineurin→ lowers IL-2

T: Organ transplant, autoimmune diseases

Cyclosporine

Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase→ Ca2+

T: CHF, atrial fibrillation

Digoxin

Inhibits Na+- K+- 2Cl- con transporter in loop

T: edema, hypertension

Furosemide

Alpha-2 agonist (lowers sympathetic tone)

T: hypertension, ADHD, withdrawal symptoms

Clonidine

muscarinic antagonists

T,

: bradycardia, organophosphate poisoning

Atropine

ų- opioid receptor agonist

Meperidine

Antineoplastics / Immunosuppressants

Methotrexate, Tacrolimus

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (lowers DNA synthesis)

T: Cancer, RA, psoriasis, ectopic pregnancy

Methotrexate

Calcineurin inhibitor → lowers IL-2p

T: organ transplant rejection prevention

Tacrolimus

Selective B1 blocker

Metoprolol

Non-selective B- blocker

Propanolol

a1- blocker

Prazosin

Calcium Channel Blockers

Nifedipine

Calcium Channel Blockers

Verapamil

Na+ channel blocker (voltage-gated)

T: seizures, status epelepticus

Phenytoin

Enhances GABA-A; prolongs Cl- opening (barbiturate)

T: seizures (esp. neonates) sedation

Phenobarbital

Increases GABA, Na+channel blocker

Valproic acid

TCA: inhibits NE & 5-HT reuptake

Nortriptyline

Na+ channel blocker (Class IA)

Procainamide

Na+ channel blocker (Class IA)

Quinidine

Na+ channel blocker (Class IB)

Tocainide

ų- opioid receptor agonist

Morphine

GABA-A agonist (short-acting benzo)

Midazolam

H2 receptor antagonist

Ranitidine

Direct muscarinic receptor agonist (stimulates bladder and GI motility)

Bethanechol

Reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (↑ ACh at synapses)

Neostigmine / Physostigmine

Blocks M3 muscarinic receptors in airways (bronchodilation)

Ipratropium

Non-selective β1 and β2 agonist (↑ HR, bronchodilation)

Isoproterenol

Selective α1-adrenergic blocker (vasodilation, ↓ BP)

Prazosin

Selective β2-adrenergic agonist (bronchodilation, , uterine relaxation)

Albuterol / Terbutaline

Central α2-adrenergic agonist (↓ sympathetic outflow from CNS)

Clonidine

Irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (prolonged ACh effects)

Echothiophate / Organophosphates

Reversibly inhibit central acetylcholinesterase (↑ ACh in brain)

Donepezil / Rivastigmine

Non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist (blocks CNS ACh; prevents motion sickness)

Scopolamine

Epinephrine

Non-selective α and β agonist (↑ HR, BP; bronchodilation; vasoconstriction)

Blocks leukotriene D4 (CysLT1) receptors (↓ bronchoconstriction and inflammation)

Montelukast

Blocks 5-HT2 and H1 receptors (anti-serotonin and antihistamine effects)

Cyproheptadine

Partial agonist/antagonist at 5-HT1 and α receptors (cerebral vasoconstriction)

Ergotamine

Prostaglandin E receptor agonists (uterine contraction, cervical ripening)

Misoprostol / Dinoprostone

Selective β1-adrenergic blockers (↓ HR, ↓ BP)

Metoprolol / Atenolol

Reversibly inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 (↓ prostaglandin synthesis)

Ibuprofen / NSAIDs

Synthetic PGI2 analog; activates IP receptors (vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation)

Epoprostenol

H1 histamine receptor antagonists (↓ allergy symptoms)

Diphenhydramine / Loratadine

α2-adrenergic agonist (↓ aqueous humor production, ↓ IOP)

Apraclonidine