Last college test- Anatomy and Physiology

The 3 Ear Bones

malleus, incus , stapes

Pathway of sound

Pinna>
Auditory Canal > eardrum >
mealleus >
Inceus >
Stapes >
Oval Window > Cochlea >
Cochlear Nerve > Temporal Nerve

What are the two cells that make up the nervous system?

Neurons and neuroglia

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Detects changes in the environment
controls movement of muscles
interprets info

sensory and motor neurons

Sensory- go to the brain
Motor- goes from the brain

What kind of impulses do the sensory receptors pick up?

The 5 senses. Light, sound, temp, pressure, smell.

What is a myelin sheath, and what is it made of?

Layers of fat/ lipids and proteins, wrapped around an axon.

What type of cells are only found in the PNS?

Shawan cells

How does a nerve transmit impulses to another neuron?

release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic axon, into the synaptic cleft

Ganglia

a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

Threshold

a stimulus great enough to change membrane potential

salutatory conduction

faster than an unmyelinated fiber

List the series of events along an axon that follows a membrane reaching a threshold potential?

1. Sodium channels open, sodium moves in,
2. Membrane depolarizes
3. potassium channels open, potassium moves out
4. membrane repolarizes

How do diverging axons amplify an impulse?

By contacting many neurons

What happens if a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes a neuron?

The refractory period stops the potential

resting membrane potential and an action potential?

Resting potential, (difference is not active)

What neurotransmitter causes skeletal muscle to contract?

Acetylcholine

What makes up the CNS?

Brain and Spinal cord

CFS s functions

protects brain and spinal cord, provide nutrients, take away waste, tells hypothalamus info

What is the path of the reflex arc? (order)

Receptor- sensory neuron- interneuron- motor neuron- effector

What is it called when one arm flexes and the other arm extends?

Cross extensor

What part of the brain controls skeletal muscle coordination?

Cerebellum

What part of brain controls Motor speech?

Brocas

What part of the brain controls wakefulness of the cerebral cortex?

reticular formation

What do the frontal and parietal lobes do?

Sensory

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Timer, body temp, hunger and thirst, hormones.

cerebral cortex

a thin layer of grey matter on the outmost part of the cerebrum

cerebral dominance

different sides of the brain deal with different things (emotions and feelings)

limbic system

connects the brain to emotion. (by sensory)

Difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

Somatic: skin and muscle
Autonomic : internal organs

What are the four brain waves and when are they present?
(Alpha)

when your asleep

What are the four brain waves and when are they present?
(Beta)

active (mainly in kids)

What are the four brain waves and when are they present?
(Delta)

brain damage

What does the medulla oblongata control?

Cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor - (blood pressure)

Reception

When you receive the impulse

Sensation

Awareness of stimulus

Perception

interpretation of stimulus

What is sensory adaptation?

senses get used to something

Baroreceptors

Pressure

Thermoreceptors

temperature changes

pain receptors:

Tissue Damage

proprioceptors

Muscle

What causes the lens of the eye to thicken?

Ciliary muscles contracting

What does the movement of the hair cells in the semicircular canals signify?

Direction of Motion

What do the rods and cones do in the eye? What are they made of?

Rods- light, Cones-Dark.

Rhodopsin

What are the taste buds on the tongue?

Salt, bitter, sweet, sour, umami

What are the 3 ear bones and which one sends the signal to the oval window?

Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
Stapes

exteroceptive senses

senses from body surface

Chemoreceptors

smell and taste

Gustation

taste

dura mater

tough outer layer of menegies (hard mother)

arachnoid mater

the middle layer of the mengenis

limbic system

emotion response (feelings, behavior)

What does the Brain Stem do, Abby?

connects the brain to the spinal cord

Pathway of sound through the ear.

Pinna> Auditory Canal > eardrum > mealleus > Inceus > Stapes > Oval WIndow > Cochlea > COchlear Nerve > Temporal Nerve

Ear Infection- where does it often occur, the scientific name of ear infection, what causes it, etc.

Occurs in the Middle ear (behind the eardrum), SN- Otitis meatus, Bacteria and viral causes.

What is the sense organ for equilibrium and hearing?

Critialmpularis, Organacaordi

What are the 3 divisions of the ear?

Outer, middle, inner

What is the auditory tube?

Connects throat to middle ear

Olfactory

Smell

Optic

Vision

Oculomotor

eye lid and eyeball movement

Trochlear

superior oblique

turns eye down and laterally

Trigeminal

chewing,

face and mouth touch and pain

Abducens

turns eye laterally

Facial

controls most facial expressions

secretion of tears and saliva

taste

Vestibulocochlear

Hearing, balance

Glossopharyngeal

taste, blood pressure

Vagus

blood pressure, slows heart rate, digestive organs, taste (involuntary)

Accessory

controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid (shoulder muscles), swallowing movement

Hypoglossal

Tongue movement