Exam 1A- Anatomy

Histology is a division of gross anatomy

Reject: Histology is the division of Microscopic Anatomy

Embryology is the study of the developmental change before birth but often just includes from fertilized egg through the first eight weeks, since all systems are formed within this time period

Accept; a definition

Unless otherwise stated, “normal physiological values” are always assumed as those from a reference man a 22 yr old male weighing 155 lbs

Accept; true

just note- reference women age-22 women- 125 lbs

In the levels of structural organization, a bone is a tissue

Reject; A bone is an organ

In the “tube within a tube” structure plan something is not “inside the body” until it passes through the walls of the inner tube and into the lumen

Reject; Things inside the lumen are outside the body.

The dorsal cavity is surrounded by bone. This functions to protect much of the nervous system i.e. brain and spinal cord

Accept; The dorsal cavity is made up of the cranial and vertebral cavity

The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of fluid which allows the two sides of the pericardial membrane to slide easily past each other (True Statement). This allows the heart to not to structures in the mediastinum. The above description is an example of the principal of complementarity (evaluation).

Accept; The Principal of Complementarity relates form and function.

The thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavities as well as the mediastinum. The mediastinum is not a cavity but does contain pericardial cavity.

Accept; remember the mediastinum is NOT a cavity :)

The lung is within the pleural cavity

Reject; the lung is surrounded by the pleural cavity

The middle ear cavities are part of the cranial cavity

Reject; middle ear cavities are part of the “other body cavity categories”

The abdominal cavity contains numerous visceral organs but it is the least protected and most mobile part of the anterior and posteriors halves

Accept; the most protected is the cranial cavity. It is least protected because there is little skeletal structure

Since humans are bilaterally symmetrical, this means, by definition, body cavities will be the same volume in the anterior and posterior halves.

Reject; Bilateral symmetry- similar structures are located on each side of the midline

If a body is cut along a sagittal planes that pass through the trunk, the knee will be proximal to the foot in all of the sections

Reject; not all sagittal planes cut through the knee (i.e. midsagittal)

If a body is sectioned along a coronal plane that passes through the tips of the ears, the diaphragm will be inferior to the pleural cavity in the section

Accept; A coronal plane will divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Both a transverse as well as a midsagittal cut through the pelvic cavity will show the vertebral cavity posterior to the ventral cavity.

Accept; Transverse cuts horizontal through the body. Midsagittal divides the body into right and left halves.

The cardiovascular system is the same as the circulatory system, one of the 11 organ systems.

Reject; the circulatory, immune, and excretory are functional systems not organ systems

The spine is deep to the intestines in the abdominal cavity

Reject; Because the spine is NOT in the abdominal cavity. We can only compare things in the same plane.

In the coronal section, inferior and superior are terms that could be used but not anterior or posterior.

Accept; There is no anterior and posterior in the coronal plane.

In a transverse plane that passes through the eyes, these would be on opposite sides on the section. (application)

Accept; even if they are not opposite anterior/posterior. They are opposite across the midline.

The Endocrine System houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Reject; The Lymphatic system houses white blood cells.

Physiology is a subcategory of microscopic anatomy

Reject; A subcategories of microanatomy is histology. Physiology is the the study of functions or how structure works

Anatomical position is the position used to describe the relationship between body structure regardless of whether the body being described is in that position

Accept; definition

The navel is described as intermediate between the head and lower limbs.

Reject; Intermediate is used to describe something between a medial and lateral structure. All structures have to be on the same plane. For example, the belly button is intermediate between the right and left coxal bone.

A body is cut along a coronal plane that passes through the tips of the ears. The diaphragm would be distal to the pericardial cavity in this section.

Reject

The epigastric region includes part of both right and left upper quadrents

Accept; The epigastric region includes the right/left hypochondriac, which comprises the right/left upper quadrants.

Rough ER synthesizes phospholipids which are critical components of the plasma bilipid layer

Accept; Definition

The Golgi Apparatus is an inclusion and packages, modifies, and segregates proteins

Reject; The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids.

The plasma membrane has externally facing proteins that act in cell to cell recognition

Accept; definition

CAT scans and PET scans are both on the forefront for evaluating the brain. PET scans can give insight into the brains biochemical

Accept; definition

Magnetic Resonance Imagining detects magnetic fields in the body and is thus useful for detecting metabolic processes.

Reject; MRI’s detect H+ concentrations and distinguish tissue based on water concentrations

CT scans measure x-rays and PET scans measure gamma rays

Accept; Def

Sonography is a useful tool for looking at the lungs or penetrating the skull to visualize nervous tissue

Reject; Sonography is used to construct the outlines of organs

According to Bloom’s Taxonomy, the acquisition of “knowledge” occurs when information is remembered and fully understood

Reject; comprehension is when information is remembered and fully understood

When I can restate information in my own words I am exhibiting “application”

Reject; you are exhibiting comprehension

When we “identified” and “understood” the relationship of all the words in “ 2% low fat milk is a healthy food choice” we were analyzing. At this point we were practicing higher order and critical thinking

Accept. Higher order thing is anything past “comprehension”.

Analysis means to identify components determining arrangement, logic and semantics

¾ cup of Cracklin Oat Bran cereal is 200 kcal and 6 grams of fat. A half cup of skim milk adds 45 kcal and 0 grams of fat. The cereal including milk is a little over 15% fat calories

Reject;

Critical Thinking

Accept; the highest levels of higher order thinking i.e. analysis, synthesis, and making judgements

Null Hypothesis- a question, testable in the scientific method, stated in its simplest form

Reject; specific evidence to prove the hypothesis false gives you the null hypothesis

Hypothetico-Deductive Method-a scientific method in which predictions are made which test hypothesis

Accept; Definition

Results- the conclusions generated during the testing process of the scientific method

Reject; the definition is data

Science is usually a more true form of knowledge because it is objective i.e. based on testable information

Reject; It is NOT more true because it is objective

Both a law of nature and a theory are descriptions or explanatory statements. But the former is based on inductive reasoning and the latter is based on hypothesis testing

Accept; True Statement

The Inductive Method produces facts (evaluation)

Reject; The inductive method makes numerous observations until confident to make generalizations that explain

Observations lead to hypotheses, which are education guesses

Accept; True Statement- part of the scientific method

When a cell can no longer maintain its boundaries from the external environment it is not “alive”, even if chemical reactions are still taking place in some organells

Accept; one of the key definition of a cell is being able to maintain boundaries

All organism exhibit homeostasis

Reject; Intracellular parts of cells don’t exhibit homeostasis

The cooperation between the function of cardiac muscle cells and the function of erythrocytes is important in homeostasis

Accept; because of how the independence of these two contribute to homeostasis

Cells are the smallest unit of function in the body because they are able to perform work by putting matter into motion

Accept; true definition of cells

Living organisms perform excretion and have the capacity for reproduction

Accept; Part of the definition of a living cell

Interdependence with other cells is a part of the definition of living unit

Reject; Interdependence is not apart of the definition of a living unit. What is: Maintains its boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Excretion, Metabolism, Reproduction, Growth

Mechanical Energy is stored in muscle

Reject; Potential energy is stored in muscles

Energy is released from chemical energy when the bonds of molecules and broken

Reject; When chemical bonds are broken and ATOMS ARE REARRANGED, KE is released

It is the constantly changing pattern of the proteins embedded in the bilipid layer that gives this model its name

Accept; Definition

Glycolipids and glycoproteins are only found on the outer plasma membrane surface. Both make up the glycocalyx of the cell and are useful for cell-to-cell recognition. Changes in the glycocalyx of a cell occur when it is becoming cancerous

Accept; Definition

Lipid Rafts are more stable and less fluid than the rest of the membrane

Accept; Definition

Integral proteins often form channels for ion movements or act as carriers that move substances through the membrane

Accept; Definition

The movement of white blood cells into a wound, is an example of concentration work (evaluation).

Reject; Concentration work is transporting substances across the cell membrane and thus concentrate them (K+ accumulating in cells)

Electromagnetic radiation is the movement of photons. Humans only produce infrared and only sense infrared and visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

Accept; Definition

The loss of energy when there is the conversion of potential to kinetic energy is what makes us “warm-blooded” organisms

Accept; All energy conversions produce heat

In the body, electrical energy can be either kinetic or potential energy while radiant energy is always kinetic energy.

Accept; radiant energy- is the kinetic energy of photons

Internal environment—the fluid component of the body

Reject; The internal environment is the composition of fluid outside the cells (ECF) and IF (interstitial fluid). Within the cell (ICF) is NOT apart of the internal environment

homeostasis—same state, unchanging conditions of the cytosol

Reject; the stable conditions (within narrow limits) in the INTERNAL environment

acid—an electrolyte that ionizes in water and releases H+ ions. Increased H+ ions lower the pH and increase acidity

Accept; Definition

afferent pathway—water movement between the extra- and the intracellular fluid

Reject; the afferent (sensory) pathway- flow of information from receptor to control

ICF is 40% of body weight.

Accept; 2/3 of all body fluids and 40% of body weight

Intracellular fluid is not part of the internal environment.

Accept; The internal environment is the composition of fluid outside the cells (ECF) and IF (interstitial fluid). Within the cell (ICF) is NOT apart of the internal environment (the cytosol)

The “sea within” is fluid outside of cells

Accept; Definition- ECF

Levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are both homeostatically regulated, but independently of one another.

Accept; They are not “one in one out”. The each are effectors for different process in the body

Plasma and interstitial fluid make up 20% of body weight. They are less volume than intracellular fluid, yet they are the components regulated homeostatically

Accept; Definition- 20% of body weight 15 L of a total 40L of total body water

Ions movement is generally restricted between interstitial and intracellular fluid

Accept; Ions fluxe between the ECF and ICF

Cerebrospinal fluid is not homeostatically regulated

Reject; It is homeostatically regulated because it is part of the ECF around the cells

During hypocapnia, CO2 levels are decreased in the plasma. The response to this stimulus will be slower and shallower breathing since the respiratory system is the main effector in regulating CO2

Accept; True Statement

Bases reduce the acidity of a solution by forming proton acceptors that bind with H+ and form water.

Accept; the definition of bases

The afferent pathway is always the nervous system

Reject- can be anywhere in the body

Blood glucose is homeostatically regulated because nervous tissue can only use this, and not fat or protein, as an energy source

Accept; Nervous tissue can only use glucose not fat/protein

Most disease is due to out-of-control positive feedback mechanisms.

Reject; They are not related. It would be an immune response

In positive feedback systems, effectors do not receive efferent information and the variable increases.

Reject; They DO receive efferent info

In negative feedback systems, the integration center contains the set point and is able to both receive sensory information and send motor information

Accept; Definition

Afferent pathways take information toward the integration center and efferent pathways take information toward the effector(s)

Accept; how homeostasis works

Negative feedback is the most common system and the one used for homeostatic mechanisms. Negative feedback prevents sudden severe changes in the body.

Accept; examples; body temp, blood glucose levels, blood levels of minerals

Sweat is defined as an excretion because it is moved across the epithelium to the outside of the body.

Reject; It is a SECRETION because it moves substances produced by the cell, out of the cell.

Excretion of lead and arsenic occurs by hair loss from the Integumentary System

Accept- Excretion is to move substances across the epithelium to the outside of the body. Always refers to waste products

Sweat is insensible water loss from evaporation from the skin.

Reject; Insensible water loss is different from sweat. Most occurs in the lungs but some from skin (28% of total water loss)

Sebum is a secretion produced by glands in the dermis. Sebum helps slow down insensible water loss.

Accept; Definition

Skin is a physical barrier because keratinocytes are tightly connected and a tough fibrous protein makes the dead keratinocytes very hard

Accept; Definition

Glycolipids in the extracellular spaces do not prevent the diffusion of organic solvents and heavy metals

Accept; the role of glycolipids is to allow lipid-soluble substance in

Melanin functions as a biological barrier.

Reject; Melanin is a chemical barrier. The only biological barrier is epidermal dendritic

The secretion of substances from the skin, such as urea, inhibits bacterial multiplication. This acid mantle is a chemical barrier.

Reject; The excretion of substances from the skin, such as urea, inhibits bacterial multiplication. This acid mantle is a chemical barrier (true)