History of China and Japan Exam 3

Right outside Ming Territory

Where were the Manchu from?

Jurchen

What group do the Manchu trace their lineage back to?

corrupt emperors, factionalism, rebellions, invasion attempt by Japan

What were four (4) of the troubles of the late Ming?

Beijing 1644

Ming capital in rebel hands, Ming ally with Manchu to defeat rebels, but the Manchu do not leave.

decades

It took a few _______ for the Manchu to gain control over all of China since they were conquering north to south.

legitimate

Some of the Ming did not fight against the Manchu very hard because they saw them as a ________ bid for power.

loyalty and identity

Two characteristics of Manchu rule. 

loyalty

The Manchu cultivated a genuine sense of ________ in China by integrating Ming scholar officials and preserving imperial Confucianism.

identity

The Manchu tried to preserve their distinct cultural _______ by banning Han Chinese from migrating to Manchu homelands and creating a Manchu written script.

high government documents

What did the Manchu primarily use their written script for?

Manchu

Who had political authority in Qing China?

not

Life outside of the capital did ____ change. The Qing maintained the stability of Ming systems and allowed provincial elite to continue administrating their lands.

Emperor Kangxi

1661 to 1722, finished conquest of south, laid stability for Manchu rule. Projected identity as a conqueror and as a scholar. Separated himself from past conquerors by protecting and preserving Chinese tradition.

seen and legitimized

After the conquest, Qing emperors visited provincial lands in imperial tours to be ______ and __________.

pre conquest Chinese contact, accommodation not intimidation, Chinese cooperation, restoration of Chinese greatness.

Name four (4) differenced between the rule of the Mongols and that of the Manchu.

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit Missionary to China, studied Chinese for years

incorporate

Unlike the cultural superiority they lorded over indigenous Americans, Jesuit missionaries had to __________ themselves with Chinese elites.

Rites Controversy

Disagreement within Catholic church where Rome told the Jesuits to tell Chinese to stop worshiping ancestors. Ends Jesuit mission in China.

favorable

In the 16 and 1700s, European opinion of Ming-Qing China was ________.

power of the church and hereditary aristocrats

What two still ongoing problems in Europe had Ming-Qing China already overcome by the 1700s.

center

In most East Asian maps, China was the ______ of the world. This was not the case in European maps.

Canton System

1757 Qing strategy, Canton port is the only port open to trade with European merchants.

Macartney Mission

1792 British attempt to break Canton system, petition Qing Emperor for ambassador relationship, more ports, and freedom for merchants. Fails completely, setting the background for the Opium wars.

future, believe

Qing Emperors were not arrogant for refusing the demands of Macartney, China had no ______ knowledge of conflict and had many reasons to _______ they were the center of trade and did not need to extend their relationship with Europe. 

Tokugawa Ieyasu

founder of Tokugawa shogunate. Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and became shogun in 1603

Sekigahara

1600, massive battle between Tokugawa loyalists and Toyutomi loyalists, Toyutomi lose

Edo

capital of Tokugawa Shogunate in Eastern Japan, modern day Tokyo

balance

Tokugawa politics focused on the _______ of power between Edo and provincial daimyo. 

Edo Deal

As long as you do what we ask of you, you can govern your own territory

Provincial Deal

If you leave us alone, we will protect your status

local

Samurai loyalty was entirely ________, meaning that samurai only served their daimyo, who served the Shogun

Alternate Attendance System

Important tool of Tokugawa control. Provincial daimyo are obligated to spend half of their time in Edo, could be by months or by years

weak

By forcing daimyo to spend money to move back and forth, the Tokugawa keep the daimyo financially _____ so they don’t pose a threat to the shogun’s power.

threat

Tokugawa saw Christianity as a political _______.

Seclusion Edicts

Tokugawa issue laws to kick out European missionaries and limit foreign contact.

Nagasaki

Only Tokugawa port open to foreign trade

Dutch

Only European group allowed to trade with Tokugawa (through Nagasaki)

Qing China

Actively traded with Tokugawa through Nagasaki, but had no diplomatic relationship

Confucianism

Rediscovered in Tokugawa, fits need for stability and brings order to the social classes

Japan had no scholar-elite class

What problem did the Tokugawa experience trying to incorporate traditional Confucian hierarchy?

replace scholar class with samurai

How did the Tokugawa solve the hierarchy problem with incorporating Confucianism?

Pax Tokugawa

Tokugawa peace, 1630-1860s, no internal violence in Tokugawa state

Castle towns

Capital cities of provincial daimyo, samurai live in the general area of the town. Forcefully urbanizes the samurai class

travel, provincial

Unprecedented level of _______ in Tokugawa Japan lead to __________ development

culture

the growing status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan influenced ________.

kabuki and sumo

Examples of urban entertainment in Tokugawa mass culture

travel and urban life

Themes of popular fiction in Tokugawa mass culture. (2)

Hiroshige

Tokugawa woodblock artist

carving woodblocks and layering colors

production of woodblock prints

travelers and ordinary folk 

Subjects of Tokugawa woodblock printing

reporduced

The benefit of woodblock art is that it could be _________ hundreds to thousands of times, making it more widely available.

opposite

The subjects and availability of Tokugawa visual art and literature was the ________ to that of the Heian.

Population pressures, neglect/corruption, provincial unrest

Signs of Qing Decline by the 19th century (3)

Emperor Qianlong

1735 to 1769, grandson of Kangxi, ruled for 60 years in incredible continuity

center

At the end of the 18th century, China was the ________ of the global economy

Trade imbalance

Europe wants Chinese goods, but China does not want European goods led to a ________ __________.

reverses

Because they wanted to make more money off of China, Britain floods China with opium, this _________ the trade imbalance in favor of Britain

Opium Wars

1840-42, Naval conflict with Britain in response to China ousting opium traders. Military disaster for the Chinese

Lin Zexu

Chinese official sent to confront western traders about the Opium trade, his destroying of British opium supply sparked the Opium Wars

The Unequal Treaty System

1840-1940s, trade agreements established following the opium wars, exploited China for the benefit of the West.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty signed with Britain, creates British territory of Hong Kong and opens treaty ports to western trade

Treaty of Wangxia

1844 treaty signed with the United States, creates the Most Favored Nation and extraterritoriality clauses.

Most Favored Nation

trade given to one nation must be given to the most favored nation

Extraterritoriality

if foreigners commit a crime in a treaty port, they will not be subject to Chinese law.

Taiping Rebellion

Explicitly anti-Manchu ideological rebellion starting in the south coast, moved up the coast and took over region of China. After intense fighting, it was put down, but it crippled Manchu power and economy.

Economic Rebellions

rebellions based in economic frustrations, impoverished citizens demanding relief

Religious rebellions

religious group rebellions of the North and West who believed their needs were being put aside in favor of the Han Chinese

Ethnic Rebellions

ethnic minority rebellions of the South who believed their needs were being put aside in favor of the Han Chinese

ideological, economic, religious, ethnic

types of domestic rebellions in 19th century China (4)

more

After the Opium war, Britain felt like China was not living up to the treaty, led to ______ military clashes that hurt China

Treaty of Tianjin

1858, adds to the unequal treaty system, guarantees westerners freedom of travel in China into the Chinese interior. Required western ambassadors in Peking

missionaries

Treaty of Tianjin clause on freedom of travel was beneficial for western ____________.

tributary

Ambassadors were a big deal in Chinese diplomacy because they had only engaged in _________ relationships prior.

Treaty of Peking

1860, forced indemnity payments on China and adds the northern city of Tianjin as a treaty port

Indemnity payments

forcing the looser of a battle to repay the expenses of the winner

waning

By the 19th century, the Mandate of Heaven, which had been key to their success, seems to be ________ for the Manchu.

Dynastic cycle

Reaching the internal unrest and external threats of the ________ _______, only this time the threats are coming from the sea.

lost

1860s mark the rise of the question, have the Manchu _____ their legitimacy?

urban bureaucrats

by 1800, the samurai had changed from provincial warriors to ________ ___________, breaking the military tradition of the class.

cost of status, income by rank, poverty, debt

Cycle of Samurai wealth. 

merchants

Who did the samurai borrow money from?

Merchants

what class was the bottom of the confucian hierarchy, but in reality held most of the wealth and prosperity?

farmer, taxing

The 1800s saw provincial ________ uprisings due to heavy _______ by daimyo to maintain their wealth. 

Confucian, backwards

By 1800, its clear that the official _________ ideology is ________ compared to reality

oversized japan, vague knowledge of Americas, small Eurasia

characteristics of Japanese maps prior to 1840

aware

By 1840, Japanese maps were more in line with the actual world, showing they were ______ of the wider world. 

Russians

What group constituted the Tokugawa’s first potential for foreign encroachment?

western studies

the Tokugawa taught the samurai western languages and life in preparation for eventual conflict.

Opium Wars

What international event made the Japanese concerned about foreign power?

Perry Mission

1853-4, US forces occupy Edo bay and demand open trade with Japan, Tokugawa decide against conflict

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce

1858 unequal treaty signed by Japan with the US, gives many advantages to America, extraterritorial privileges and such

unified

The Tokugawa’s decision to accommodate westerners was not a _______ response. 

"Open the Country"

Faction including the Tokugawa who knew that resistance to westerners will lead to extreme defeat, had a long-term vision

 "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian"

Faction concentrated in western Japan that hated the treaty with the US, saw it as a betrayal of identity. Have the cultural figure of the emperor. Show allegiance by expelling foreigners.

overthrow the Tokugawa

anti-western defeat prompts the faction’s transformation from "revere the emperor, expel the barbarian" to "revere the emperor, _________ _____ ____________"

Meiji Restoration of 1868

anti-westerners restoring the emperor to symbolic power against the Tokugawa.

Self-Strengthening Movement

late Qing reformers see that Chinese society has many problems, believe China must return to its traditional ideals, say China must focus inward

outside

reformers were often Han officials ________ of the ruling elite

Prince Gong

Reformer, different from other Manchu elite, willing to make unprecedented change. Promotes study of western language and to visit western countries.

Zeng Guofan

Adopted western military technology and tactics during Taiping rebellion.