History of China and Japan Exam 3

Right outside Ming Territory

Where were the Manchu from?

Jurchen

What group do the Manchu trace their lineage back to?

corrupt emperors, factionalism, rebellions, invasion attempt by Japan

What were four (4) of the troubles of the late Ming?

Beijing 1644

Ming capital in rebel hands, Ming ally with Manchu to defeat rebels, but the Manchu do not leave.

decades

It took a few _______ for the Manchu to gain control over all of China since they were conquering north to south.

legitimate

Some of the Ming did not fight against the Manchu very hard because they saw them as a ________ bid for power.

loyalty and identity

Two characteristics of Manchu rule. 

loyalty

The Manchu cultivated a genuine sense of ________ in China by integrating Ming scholar officials and preserving imperial Confucianism.

identity

The Manchu tried to preserve their distinct cultural _______ by banning Han Chinese from migrating to Manchu homelands and creating a Manchu written script.

high government documents

What did the Manchu primarily use their written script for?

Manchu

Who had political authority in Qing China?

not

Life outside of the capital did ____ change. The Qing maintained the stability of Ming systems and allowed provincial elite to continue administrating their lands.

Emperor Kangxi

1661 to 1722, finished conquest of south, laid stability for Manchu rule. Projected identity as a conqueror and as a scholar. Separated himself from past conquerors by protecting and preserving Chinese tradition.

seen and legitimized

After the conquest, Qing emperors visited provincial lands in imperial tours to be ______ and __________.

pre conquest Chinese contact, accommodation not intimidation, Chinese cooperation, restoration of Chinese greatness.

Name four (4) differenced between the rule of the Mongols and that of the Manchu.

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit Missionary to China, studied Chinese for years

incorporate

Unlike the cultural superiority they lorded over indigenous Americans, Jesuit missionaries had to __________ themselves with Chinese elites.

Rites Controversy

Disagreement within Catholic church where Rome told the Jesuits to tell Chinese to stop worshiping ancestors. Ends Jesuit mission in China.

favorable

In the 16 and 1700s, European opinion of Ming-Qing China was ________.

power of the church and hereditary aristocrats

What two still ongoing problems in Europe had Ming-Qing China already overcome by the 1700s.

center

In most East Asian maps, China was the ______ of the world. This was not the case in European maps.

Canton System

1757 Qing strategy, Canton port is the only port open to trade with European merchants.

Macartney Mission

1792 British attempt to break Canton system, petition Qing Emperor for ambassador relationship, more ports, and freedom for merchants. Fails completely, setting the background for the Opium wars.

future, believe

Qing Emperors were not arrogant for refusing the demands of Macartney, China had no ______ knowledge of conflict and had many reasons to _______ they were the center of trade and did not need to extend their relationship with Europe. 

Tokugawa Ieyasu

founder of Tokugawa shogunate. Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and became shogun in 1603

Sekigahara

1600, massive battle between Tokugawa loyalists and Toyutomi loyalists, Toyutomi lose

Edo

capital of Tokugawa Shogunate in Eastern Japan, modern day Tokyo

balance

Tokugawa politics focused on the _______ of power between Edo and provincial daimyo. 

Edo Deal

As long as you do what we ask of you, you can govern your own territory

Provincial Deal

If you leave us alone, we will protect your status

local

Samurai loyalty was entirely ________, meaning that samurai only served their daimyo, who served the Shogun

Alternate Attendance System

Important tool of Tokugawa control. Provincial daimyo are obligated to spend half of their time in Edo, could be by months or by years

weak

By forcing daimyo to spend money to move back and forth, the Tokugawa keep the daimyo financially _____ so they don’t pose a threat to the shogun’s power.

threat

Tokugawa saw Christianity as a political _______.

Seclusion Edicts

Tokugawa issue laws to kick out European missionaries and limit foreign contact.

Nagasaki

Only Tokugawa port open to foreign trade

Dutch

Only European group allowed to trade with Tokugawa (through Nagasaki)

Qing China

Actively traded with Tokugawa through Nagasaki, but had no diplomatic relationship

Confucianism

Rediscovered in Tokugawa, fits need for stability and brings order to the social classes

Japan had no scholar-elite class

What problem did the Tokugawa experience trying to incorporate traditional Confucian hierarchy?

replace scholar class with samurai

How did the Tokugawa solve the hierarchy problem with incorporating Confucianism?

Pax Tokugawa

Tokugawa peace, 1630-1860s, no internal violence in Tokugawa state

Castle towns

Capital cities of provincial daimyo, samurai live in the general area of the town. Forcefully urbanizes the samurai class

travel, provincial

Unprecedented level of _______ in Tokugawa Japan lead to __________ development

culture

the growing status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan influenced ________.

kabuki and sumo

Examples of urban entertainment in Tokugawa mass culture

travel and urban life

Themes of popular fiction in Tokugawa mass culture. (2)

Hiroshige

Tokugawa woodblock artist

carving woodblocks and layering colors

production of woodblock prints

travelers and ordinary folk 

Subjects of Tokugawa woodblock printing

reporduced

The benefit of woodblock art is that it could be _________ hundreds to thousands of times, making it more widely available.

opposite

The subjects and availability of Tokugawa visual art and literature was the ________ to that of the Heian.