biology unit 1 test - diversity of living things

3 Domains

• Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

6 Kingdoms

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Bacteria - Kingdom Characteristics

• Prokaryote

• Unicellular

• Peptidoglycan

• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  • Cyanobacteria (some bacteria contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis)

• Asexual

Archaea - Kingdom Characteristics

• Prokaryote

• Unicellular

• Not peptidoglycan, occasionally no cell wall

• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  • Methanogenesis (produces methane unique to archaea)

• Asexual

• Extremophiles (live in extreme environments)

Fungi - Kingdom Characteristics

• Eukaryote

• Mostly unicellular

• Chitin cell wall

• Autotrophs and heterotrophs

• Sexual

Animalia - Kingdom Characteristics

• Eukaryote

• Multicellular

• No cell wall

• Heterotrophs

• Sexual

Protista - Kingdom Characteristics

• Eukaryote

• Unicellular and multicellular

• Cellulose in some cell walls, occasionally no cell wall

• Autotrophs and heterotrophs

• Asexual and Sexual

Plantae - Kingdom Characteristics

• Eukaryote

• Multicellular

• Cellulose

• Autotrophs and heterotrophs

• Sexual

8 Levels Biological Classification

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  • broad to specific

Binomial Nomenclature

A system of naming organisms using two terms, the genus name followed by the species name, developed by Carl Linnaeus.

Eukaryotic Cell

• Has a nucleus

• DNA in nucleus

• Has organelles

• Bigger in size

• Sexual reproduction common

  • By mitosis (asexual) and meiosis (sexual)

• Most are multicellular

• Needs oxygen to perform cellular respiration (aerobic)

Prokaryotic Cell

• No nucleus

• Most ancient cell type

• Smaller size

• Circular DNA

• Not by mitosis or meiosis

• Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

• Unicellular

• Does not need oxygen to perform cellular respiration (anaerobic)

3 Species Concepts

• Morphology

• Focuses on the physical structures (body shape, size, etc.)

• Biological 

• Concept whether two organisms can produce attainable offspring

• Phylogeny

• Based on the evolutionary history of the organism

• Biologists determine shared phylogeny by looking for a “common ancestor”

3 Types of Evidence to Show Relationships Between Species

• Anatomical 

• Study morphology / structure of organisms (both living and extinct)

• Physiological

• Studying the functioning of organisms (how they work)

• DNA

• Comparing genetic sequences from various organisms

Species definition

• A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature, and produce fertile offspring (babies)

Bacteria (gram positive)

• Thick cell wall

• 30 layers of peptidoglycan

• Cell wall surrounds monoderm (a single plasma membrane)

• Remains purple with crystal violet stain

  • The stain detects peptidoglycan from the cell wall

Bacteria (gram negative)

• Thinner cell wall

• Single layer of peptidoglycan

• Sandwiched between two lipid bilayer membranes called diderms

• High antibiotic resistance

• Stained pink with crystal violet stain

  • The stain detects peptidoglycan from the cell wall which gram (-) lacks

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that forms a mesh-like structure in the cell walls of bacteria, providing strength and rigidity.

Bacteria - Capsule Function

Layer outisde cell wall

Pilus Function

• For transfer of genetic material

  • Carries genes that can be shared during conjugation

Flagellum Function

• Assists with cell movement

Nucleoid region

Contains bacterial DNA, controlling cell activities

Mesosome Function

Helps with cell division and aerobic cellular respiration

Plasmid

One circular piece of DNA

Coccus

Circular

Bacillus

Rod shaped

Spirillum

Spiral shaped

Prefix : Strep

Chain

Prefix: Staphlo

Clusters

Binary Fission

Plasmid replicate and cell divides (asexual)

Conjugation

• A process where bacteria transfer DNA through the pilus

• Produces cells and new genetic combinations

Fungi Structure

Cap, Scales, Gills, Ring, Stem, Cup, Mycelial threads

Fungi Nutrition

• Heterotrophic: they rely on other food sources in their environment for nutrients

  • Ex. animal waste, plant matter, and organic carbon

Fungi Reproduction

Spore: Reproductive cells that can develop into new organisms

Basidia: The reproductive organs of fungi

Virus

No cellular structure, cannot reproduce on its own, needs a host cell to replicate, has RNA or DNA

Virus - Lytic Cycle

The replication process in viruses in which the virus’s genetic material uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses

Virus - Lysosome Cycle

Virus injects DNA into a host cell and hides there, allowing the virus to be copied when the host cell divides

Bacteriophage

• A virus that infects bacteria

• Attaches to bacteria cell and injects genetic material

Lysis

• The breaking open of a cell

• Releases new virus particles

Retrovirus

• A virus with RNA as its genetic material

Virus - Prion

• Infectious protein

Antibiotics

• Treats bacterial infections

How do people misuse antibiotics?

• Taking to cure infections (ex. colds)

• Not completing prescribed course

• Overuse or self-prescribing

Current problems with use of antibiotics in livestock feed

• Leads to antibiotic resistance

• Antibiotic resistant bacteria can spread to humans

• Reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics

4 Stages of Typical Growth Curve for Bacterial Colony

• Lag phase

  • Bacteria adjust to its environment, preparing for growth

• Log (exponential) phase

  • Bacteria start dividing quickly, size increases

• Stationary phase

  • Growth slows

• Death phase

  • Bacteria die due to lack of resources and space

What temperature promotes optimal growth for colonies?

~37 degrees celsius 

Protist - Pseudopods Function

Amoebas use for feeding and movement

Protist - Cilia Function

Feeding purposes, and locomotion

Protists - Eyespot

Helps find light to make food through photosynthesis

Protists 3 Main Groupings

• Animal like protists

• Fungus like protists

• Plant like protists

Chordata

Have a spine, vertebrate (ex, humans, monkey, shark)

Mollusca

Soft body enclosed in a shell, strong foot for movement, water can pass them (ex. snail, clam)

Paramecium diagram

Amoeba diagram

Euglena diagram

Virus diagram

RNA or DNA surrounded by a protective protein coat

Bacteria cell diagram

Mesophile definition

An organism that lives/habitats in moderate conditions

Endospores function

Protect genetic material of an organism. Not found in archaea