RNA viruses- Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Hantaviridae

arenavirus

zoonotic- rodent infected urine

causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever

arenavirus structure

rough spherical particle enveloped with prominent ribosome like structures

“sandy”

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM or LCMV)

found in Europe, North and South America

“Aseptic”/Viral meningitis by inhalation of rodent urine or infected cultures

<1% mortality

Lassa Fever (viral hemorrhagic fever)

found in West Africa

Hemorrhagic Fever

5% mortality

can be transmitted person-to-person by exposure to infected body fluids

Bunyaviridae

Family includes phlebovirus, nairovirus, bunyavirus

Phlebovirus (rift valley fever)

mosquito vector

cattle, sheep, goat, camels with acute viral illness

first reported in 1910

phlebovirus symptoms in humans

asymptomatic

can progress to fever, headache, joint and muscle aches

no treatment

Nairovirus (Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever)

tick-borne

eastern Europe to Mediterranean

Nairovirus symptoms in humans

headache, fever, pain, vomiting, petechiae on the palate, flushed face

can progress to jaundice, changes in mood and sensory perception (neurologic)

supportive treatment only

Bunyavirus (California encephalitis virus)

midwest and northern central states

mosquito vector

neurologic disease- aseptic/ viral meningitis, cannot distinguish from enteroviral disease

Hantaviridae family

Sin Nombre

Andes Virus

Hantaan and Seoul Virus

Sin Nombre

ONLY transmitted via rodent excreta

associated with the Four Corners are of the Southwest

referred to as Hantavirus

Andes virus

associated with Chile and Argentina

transmitted via rodent excreta

only strain with human-human transmission

Hantavirus Andes strain symptoms

Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)- high fever, couth, dyspnea, GI symptoms, headache, irreversible pulmonary edema and failure

quick progression

38% mortality rate

Hantaan and Seoul virus

associated with the far east

transmitted via rodent excreta

Hantaan and Seoul virus symptoms

hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

thrombocytopenia, renal failure, shock, multi-organ failure

Hepatitis D virus genus and family

Kolmioviridae, Deltaviridae

Hepatitis D

incomplete virus

requires Hepatitis B as a helper to replicate

enveloped, helical nucleocapsid

transmitted through blood or body exposure to mucous membranes

symptoms of Hepatitis D

only occurs in those co-infected or already infected with Hepatitis B

Jaundice, joint pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, cirrhosis, liver cancer

coinfection of Hepatitis D and Hepatitis B causes

increased mortality, acceleration of disease, increased damage and risk of liver failure and liver cancer

treatment of Hepatitis D includes

hepatitis B vaccination as preventative measures

no additional treatments for hepatitis D

Filoviridae family

Marburgvirus- Marburg Marburgvirus

Ebolavirus- Zaire Ebolavirus

transmission of Filoviridae family viruses

exposure to contaminated body fluids (usually blood)

Symptoms of Marbug Marburgvirus

incubation 5-10 days

Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, maculopapular rash, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, abdominal pain, massive multiorgan dysfunction and hemorrhaging.

Mortality rate 20-90%

Symptoms of Zaire Ebolavirus

incubation 8-10 days after exposure of virus to mucous membranes or would

Fever, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hemorrhage

Mortality 70-90%

Ebola virus disease

not presenting with hemorrhaging

more abdominal/ GI symptoms

spread by caring for patients without proper PPE

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

severe hemorrhaging

Treatment and prevention of Marburg Marburgvirus

supportive treatment only

Zaire Ebolavirus treatment and prevention

adoptive serum transfer

Zmapp (mAB)

Supportive care

ERVEBO vaccination