Lab 4: Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons, Vasculature, Nerves

flat muscles

Have parallel fibers often with an aponeurosis. Ex: the external oblique. The sartorius is a narrow __ muscle with parallel fibers

pennate muscle

Feather-like in the arrangement of their fascicles and may be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate. Ex: extensor digitorum longus (unipennate), rectus femoris (bipennate), and deltoid (multipennate)

fusiform muscle

Spindle shaped with a round, thick belly (or bellies) and tapered ends. Ex: biceps brachii

convergent muscle

Arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon. Ex: pectoralis major

quadrate muscle

Have four equal sides. For example: the rectus abdominis, between its tendinous intersections

circular or sphincteral muscle

Surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted. Ex: orbicularis oculi

multiheaded or mulitbellied muscles

Have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly, respectively. Ex: biceps brachii (two heads), triceps brachii (three heads), digastric and gastrocnemius muscles (two bellies)

flat muscle

unipennate muscle

bipennate muscle

multipennate muscle

fusiform muscle

convergent muscle

quadrate muscle

multibellied muscle

What is a tendon

tough, cord-like band of fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bone

What is a ligament

tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones to stabilize joint

What is an aponeurosis

broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that acts like a flathead tendon to attach muscles to bones, fascia, or other muscles

What is the relationship of structure to function in the tendon of long head of biceps brachii

The structure of the LHBT directly supports its dual role in transmitting muscle force and acting as a passive stabilizer for the shoulder joint

What is the relationship of structure to function in the deltoid tendon

directly dictate its ability to lift, rotate and stabilize the shoulder joint across multiple directions

What is the relationship of structure to function in the latissimus dorsi tendon

allows it to focus tremendous muscular force onto a tiny attachment point on the humerus to power major arm and trunk movements

What is the relationship of structure to function in the thoracolumbar fascia

directly enables global load transfer, core stabilization, and independent muscle gliding

What is the relationship of structure to function in the flexor retinaculum of the wrist

it is a tough and thick fibrous band that bridges the bony concavity of the wrist to form the roof of the carpal tunnel which directly links with its function of protection and stability

What is the relationship of structure to function in the semitendinosus

the distal attachment on the medial side of the tibia creates a mechanical line of pull that medially rotates the lower leg when the knee is flexed

What is the relationship of structure to function in the semimembranosus

the unique membraneous and multi-branches structure directly dictates it dual role as a powerful joint mover and complex knee stabilizer

What is the relationship of structure to function in the palmaris longus

the tendon inserts directly into the palmar aponeurosis, this structure is suited for tensioning and tightening the skin and fascia of the palm

What is the relationship of structure to function in the achilles tendon

the specialized hierarchial fibrous structure enables it to transfer massive mechanical loads from the calf muscles to the heel bone for efficient walking, running, and jumping

Describe the appearance and feel of a nerve

Shiny, white cord-like thread that feels firm, tough, springy and rubbery

Discussion the organization of nerves from the spinal cord to innervation

spinal roots (dorsal: sensory, ventral: motor) to spinal nerves (trunks) to nerve plexuses (networks) to peripheral nerves (final destination/innervation)

Muscular nerves

Motor; carry signals from brain to cause muscles to move

Cutaneous nerves

sensory; carry information like touch, pain, and temperature from skin back to brain

Describe the appearance and feel of a vein in a cadaver

Appears flat, dark and flimsy and feels thin and highly compressed

Describe the appearance and feel of an artery in a cadaver

Appears pale white, light gray, or yellowish tan and feels firm, rubbery, rigid, and without a pulse

How are arteries named

using specific anatomical patterns that describe their location, the organ they supply, adjacent bone structures, or their pathway through the body

Describe the appearance and feel of a vein in a living body

appear green, blue, or purple and feel soft and bouncy

Describe the appearance and feel of an artery in a living body

Appear red or pink and feel resilient and warm as well as pulsatile