Research Ethics (IRB)

What does IRB stand for?

Institutional Review Board.

What is the main purpose of the IRB?

To protect the rights, welfare, and safety of human research participants.

What historical abuses led to the creation of modern research ethics standards?

Nazi experiments (Nuremberg Trials), Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Willowbrook hepatitis study, etc.

What document established the foundation of modern research ethics after WWII?

The Nuremberg Code (1947).

What ethical principle did the Tuskegee Study violate most severely?

Informed consent - participants were not told they had syphilis or offered treatment

What is the Belmont Report (1979)?

A key U.S. report outlining three core principles of research ethics: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice.

What does “Respect for Persons” mean in research ethics?

Treating individuals as autonomous and protecting those with limited autonomy (e.g., children, prisoners).

What does “Justice” mean in research ethics?

Fair distribution of research burdens and benefits; avoiding exploitation of vulnerable groups.

What is informed consent?

A process where participants are fully informed of risks, benefits, and purpose, and voluntarily agree to participate.

What does “minimal risk” mean in IRB review?

The risks of research are no greater than those encountered in daily life.

What are the three types of IRB review?

Exempt, Expedited, Full Board.