AP 1 Lecture Exam 1 Square cap

 Anatomy is a term, which means the study of _____.

morphology

Visual inspection of the liver and stomach during surgery is an example of

gross anatomy

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)

physiologist

The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under

anatomy

To understand the structure and function of an organism we also need to understand the structure and properties of

atoms and molecules

When you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal?

the sweat glands release sweat

A decrease in blood glucose that causes the inhibition of insulin is an example of ______.

negative feedback

What is not an example of homeostatic mechanism

using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold

A blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of

positive feedback

Atoms are the smallest particles of any _____ carrying all the properties of that element.

element

Which one among the following is found in atoms of all elements EXCEPT for hydrogen

neutron

From the periodic table what information about an element could be found?

number of neutrons, protons, electrons

Elements are arranged by _____ in consecutive rows in the periodic table

atomic number

The atomic number of an element reflects the ______.

number of protons

Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in the body?

calcium

Which different forms for the same atom exist due to the difference in the number of neutrons, they are known

isotopes

The amount of which subatomic particle is different between an atom and its ion?

Electrons

Radioisotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of

neutrons

As guided by the octet rule, atoms have the tendency to become stable through the gain, loss, or sharing of

electrons

On the periodic table, beryllium sits above magnesium and to the right of lithium. Given that magnesium has two electrons in its outer shell and lithium has one, how many electrons would you predict beryllium has in its outer shell?

two

When atoms of elements on the left side of the periodic table ionize, they tend to

lose electrons and become cations

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a _____ molecule.

polar

A double covalent bond involves

the sharing of two pair of electrons

Which of the following pairs of elements is most likely to forma a covalent bond?

oxygen and hydrogen

Which molecule has a nonpolar covalent bond?

Cl2

MgCl2 fully dissociates into Mg2+ and Cl- ions when mixed with water. Therefore, the bonds between Mg2+ and Cl- in MgCl2 can be described as?

ionic

Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?

electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions

Water has a

high specific heat, and tends to keep body temperature relatively constant

What is the main reason why water has a relatively high specific heat capacity

its ability to form hydrogen bonds

What is the primary reason for water’s high surface tension

the weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Which of the following is an example of water’s adhesive property

water rising in a capillary tube

Bases react with

acids to produce salts and water

what type of solution is one with a pH of 8?

basic

The stomach acid that enters the small intestine must be neutralized for digestion to continue properly. What needs to be added to accomplish this and how will the pH change?

A base; pH will increase

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution can be measured by its

pH value

 When a strong acid is placed in water, it?

dissolves and dissociates

These are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in _pH.

buffers

Which of the following best describes a chemical mixture?

when two substances are combines but are not chemically bonded

Which of these is an example of a solution?

saltwater

What type of mixture separates upon standing?

suspension

Type of mixture that doesn't separate on its own but still contains undissolved particles

colloid

Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a?

solution

Water and a nonpolar substance will need to be forcibly mixed. This best describes a(n)

emulsion

Blood plasma contains water mixed with proteins (10 nanometers in size). Therefore, it is considered a?

colloid

In a sugar solution,

sugar is solute, water is solvent

Which of the following would most likely qualify as a macromolecule

all of the above

 When disaccharides are changed to monosaccharides, the chemical process involved is:

hydrolysis

What type of organic molecule comprises the majority of a potato?

polysaccharides

All organic compounds contain __________, hydrogen, and usually oxygen:

carbon

A phospholipid has one end that is polar and hydrophilic, whereas the other end is nonpolar and hydrophobic. Which of the following terms best describes this molecule?

amphipathic

Which of the following is an inorganic molecule?

H2O

Which of the following is an organic molecule

C6H12O6

Skeletal muscle tissue can break down glycogen, a carbohydrate polymer, into its individual monomers to be used for energy, what are the monomers produced?

Glucose molecule

The most common lipids in the body are?

triglycerides, and they are used for storage in adipose

While a runner is in a marathon, his or her liver will have free some stored energy to keep blood sugar levels adequate; the liver will liberate this energy by way of process called?

glycogenolysis

A nucleotide is composed of

a base, a sugar, and a phosphate

The variable portion of DNA is the sequence of __________ .

bases

The sugar in RNA is ______, the sugar in DNA is ________

ribose, deoxyribose

Which of the following is found on RNA but not DNA?

uracil

 Which of the following is responsible for specifying the 3D shape of a protein?

the amino acid sequence

Which of the following statements is true about proteins?

ALL: Proteins are essential for the development of skin, teeth and bones, Proteins are made up of amino acids, Protein is the only nutrient that can build, repair and maintain body tissues.

What type of reaction occurs during protein synthesis to produce the primary structure of a protein?

dehydration synthesis

 The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.

amino

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of?

secondary structure of protein

The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.

peptide

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

the protein is denatured

The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.

amino

 Hemoglobin in blood, components of cytoskeleton, and enzymes in the digestive system are all examples of?

proteins

An enzyme will _________ if the pH or temperature is not optimal.

denature

What form of energy is stored in a battery?

light energy

What type of energy is stored in the molecular bonds of a substance?

chemical potential energy

Both the movement of Na+ from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration and the movement of an electron from a higher energy to a lower energy state are examples of

kinetic energy

What is the law of conservation of energy?

energy cannot be destroyed

Chemical reactions _____.

produce new substances

chemical equations:

describe chemical reactions

In the chemical equation, H₂O₂(aq)  →H₂O(l) + O₂(g), H₂O₂ is a _____.

reactant

Which type of reaction occurs when two or more reactants combine to form a single product?

combination (anabolic)

What is the general form of a decomposition reaction?

AB → A + B

For a biochemical reaction that involves simple chemical structures bonded together into a more complex molecule, choose the more accurate terms that best describe this type of chemical reaction:

synthesis, endergonic, anabolism

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

a reaction that releases energy

The reaction H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 will proceed to the right if there is excess _____________, or to the left if there is excess ______________.

H₂O + CO₂ , H₂CO₃.

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?

maltose

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down ______.

lactose

Each enzyme can speed up only one particular reaction. This specificity is due to the ______.

shape of both the enzyme and the substrate

The ______ is a place where the substrates fit onto the enzyme in such a way that they are oriented to react.

active site

When the substrate binds to the enzyme, the active site undergoes a slight alteration to achieve the best fit. This is known as the ______ model.

induced-fit

Enzymes

lower the activation energy of a reaction

Which of the following are mismatched

oxidation-gain of an electron

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

none

Cofactors

help facilitate enzyme activity

Why do drastic changes in the temperature or pH of a system alter enzyme activity?

all

Enzyme B requires Zn²⁺ in order to catalyze the conversion of substrate X. Zinc is best identified as a(n):

cofactor

Enzymes can only be denatured by high temperatures

false

catabolic reactions drive anabolic reactions

true

 If two FADH2 molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle, how many total ATP molecules will be formed as those hydrogens are transmitted to the electron transport system?

4

For every NADH2 that enters the electron transport system, ______ ATP result.

3

Which of the following overall equations represents aerobic cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ -----> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy

Which pathway will result in the production of four carbon dioxide molecules, two ATP molecules, NADH2 and FADH2?

Citric acid cycle

 How many times does the Krebs cycle turn per glucose molecule?

twice