Biology 30 Diploma Exam Study Guide - Vocabulary Flashcards

This JSON contains vocabulary flashcards based on Biology 30 Diploma Exam Study Guide lecture notes, covering key terms and concepts from the nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system, genetics, and population dynamics.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).

Interneuron

A nerve cell that transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons, where neurotransmitters are released.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that transmits a signal across a synapse.

Reflex Arc

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate various body functions.

Pituitary Gland

A gland located in the brain that controls other endocrine glands.

Negative Feedback

A control system where the product inhibits the process, maintaining homeostasis.

Ovaries

Female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones.

Testes

Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

STI

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Menopause

The cessation of menstruation in women.

Fertilization

The union of sperm and egg.

Implantation

The attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall.

Teratogen

An agent that can cause birth defects.

Autosome

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Nondisjunction

An abnormality in chromosome number due to failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Haploid

Having one set of chromosomes (n).

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait.

Pedigree

A chart that shows the inheritance of a trait in a family.

tRNA

Transfer RNA

mRNA

Messenger RNA

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

Genetic Engineering

The process of altering the DNA of an organism.

Population Genetics

The study of how populations change over time.

Gene Pool

The sum of all the genes in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The principle that allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless certain factors cause them to change.

Genetic Drift

A random change in allele frequencies in a small population.

Gene Flow

The movement of genes between populations.

Symbiotic Relationships

A relationship where two species live closely together.

Succession

The sequence of changes in a community over time.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can support.

Density-Dependent Factors

Factors that limit population growth based on population density.

Density-Independent Factors

Factors that limit population growth regardless of population density.