Anatomy and Physiology

the human body is a biological machine made up of body systems

Human Organism

group of organs that together to produce and sustain life

Body Systems

study of structure and shape of the body such as heart or bones

Anatomy

Ana - ______ tomy - _______

apart to cut

the study of large body structures like heart bones

Gross anatomy

the study of small body structures that are too small for the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

study of interrelationships of all structures in a specific body region such as abdomen

Regional anatomy

study of structures that make up a discrete body system

system anatomy

study of how the body and its parts work or function

physiology

physio-_____ logy-______

nature the study of

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and how they work to support the functiond of life

Human physiology

is the body orientation used when describing an organisms anatomy

standard anatomical position

______ is necessary to avoid confusion since most organisms can take on many different positions that may chabge the relative placement of organs

standardization

the standard anatomical position provides a “____ ____” when comparing anatomy of different members of the same species

gold standard

towards the head

at a higher level

above

upper part

superior

towards the feet

at a lower level

below

lower part

inferior

towards the midline

medial

away from the midline

lateral

in the limbs closer to point of attachment

proximal

in the limbs farther away from point of attachment

distal

towards the body surface

superficial

away from the body surface

deep

front surface & back surface

anterior posterior

4 types of body planes

sagittal

frontal

oblique

transverse

perfectly divides the body

midsaggital

any saggital plane that does not run perfectly down the midline

parasaggital

any type of planes other than vertical or horizontal

oblique plane

the body is divided to to major portions

______, _______

axial appendicular

recite the anatomical term

AXIAL MAIN BODY REGIONS

head

neck

skull

forehead

nose

base of skull

mouth

eyes

chin

cheek

forehead

ear

cephalic

cervical

cranial

frontal

nasal

occipital

oral

orbital/ocular

mental

buccal

frontal

otic

recite the anatomical term

THORAX

armpit

ribs

shoulder

breast

chest

shoulder blade

breastbone

backbone

axillary

costal

deltoid

mammary

pectoral

scapular

sternal

vertebral

recite the following anatomical term:

UPPER EXTREMITY

forearm

inner elbow

upper arm

wrist

elbow

finger/toes

hand

palm

antebrachial

antecubital

brachial

carpal

cubital

digital

manual

palmar

recite the following anatomical term

ABDOMEN

abdomen

butt/buttocks

groin

lower back

the area between hipbones

area between anus and genitalia

reproductive organ

end of the spine

abdominal

gluteal

inguinal

lumbar

pelvic

perineal

pubic

vertebral

recite the following anatomical position

lower leg area

thigh

front of knee

foot

bottom surface of foot

back of knee

calves

ankle

crural

femoral

patellar

pedal

plantar

popliteal

sural

tarsal

hollow spaces within the human body that contains irgans

body cavities

houses the organs of the upper central nervous system

dorsal

multilayered membrane within the dorsal activity that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

consisting of the space inside the skull

Cranial

contains the structure within the vertebral column

vertebral

organs within the ventral cavity we called _____

vental

viscera

within the rib cage in the torso

thoracic

found beneth the thoracic activity and diaphgram

abdominopelvic

ABDOMINAL FOUR QUADRANTS

left upper quadrant

right upper quadrant

left lower quadrant

right lower quadrant

Abdominal Nine Divisions

left hypochondriac

epigastric

right hypochondriac

left lumbar region

umbilical

right lumbar region

left iliac region

hypogastric region

right iliac region

one of the thin membranes that cover the walls in the abdominopelvic cavities

Serous membranes

2 layers of serous membranes

parietal layers

visceral layers

1. lines/covers the wall of the body cavity

2. covers the organs

parietal layers

visceral layers

a physiological process of the body to maintain a constant internal environment in response to fluctuatiins in the outer external environment

Homeostasis

the adjusting of the physiological systems within the body is called

homeostatic regulation

an inability to maintain homeostasis

homeostatic imbalance

any physical, chemical or environmental factors or disturbances that causes deviation of the body’s normal environment

stimulus

the _____ recieves the stimulus and forwards it to control center

receptor

the _____ receives and processes info from the receptor it set the normal reference point or setup point for any physiological processes

control center

the control center commands the effector to respond to the stimulus

effector

the reaction to the stimulus

it is a corrective measure of the disturbance

can oppose or enhance the stimulus

response

the control system is known as the feedback mechanism

there are two types? what are the two types?

positive and negative feedback mechanism

causes more of the stimulus

amplifies the original stimulus

eg childbirth

positive feedback mechanism

a change causes the body to revert a change

negative feedback mechanism

BODY TISSUES

• brain

• spinal cord

• nerves

nervous tissue

BODY TISSUES

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

muscle tissue

BODY TISSUES

lining of gi tract organs and other hollow organs

skin surface (epidermis)

epithelial tissue

BODY TISSUES

fat and other soft padding

bone

tendon

connective tissue

• protects and supports the body and it’s organs

• bind organs together store energy as fat

• help provide body with immunity to disease causing organisms

• most abundant and widely distributed

• mostly for protecting supporting and binding together other body tissues

connective organs

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

produces fiber and matrix

most numerous involved in repair and growth

fibroblast

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

mature fibroblast, maintenance

fibrocyte

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

defense, phagocytosis

macrophages

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

releases heparin an anticogulant

histamine dilates small blood cells

mast cells

stores triglyceries, signet ring shape

fat cells

tissues that covers and lines the body

protects absorbs secretes (releases substance)

excretion (removes waste)

Epithelial tissue

types of layers of epithelial tissue

simple

squamous

pseudostratified

transitional

types of shapes of epithelial tissue

squamoud

cuboidal

columnar

types of connective tissue

areolar

adipose

elastic

dense

reticular

BONE TISSUE

TYPES OF BONE CELLS

• maintenance of matrix

• pheripheral bone forming cells

• internal actively destroy the bone matrix

osteocytes

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

classification of done tissue according to structure

compact

spongy

3 types of muscular tissue

• skeleton, movement, posture - striated voluntary

skeletal tissue

3 types of muscular tissue

• heart, pumbs blood continously fibers, parallel, involuntary

• striated one central nucleus

cardiac

3 types of muscular tissue

gi tract, uterus, eyes blood vessels

no striatuons, one central, involuntary nucleus

visceral smooth muscle

tissue that sends and receives signals in the body

brain/spinal cord

nuclei of cells/neuron processes

nuclei of supporting cell body of neuron processes

nervous tissue

2 main cells of nervous tissue

____- send electrical energy to spinal then brain

_____- support and protect neurons

neurons

glial cells