World Civ. exam III

Alliance System (Build up to the war)

Alliance System (Build up to the war)

Triple Alliance: Germany, A-H, Italy

Triple Entente: Russia, France, Great Britain

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

He was the Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and royal prince of Hungary. His death was one of the main kick off’s of WW1. They blame it on Serbia and sent them an ultimatum- told Serbia they would declare was unless they were allowed to put Serbian officials on trial for murder.

War escalates

Russia was Serbia’s, “Slavic big brother” And felt they had a responsibility to protect Serbia, Russia asked the Austrians to give Serbia a break. Germany feels threatened and orders Russia to stop. Germany declares war on Russia and France and begins invasion on Belgium.

Blank Check

The emperor of Germany, gave A-H it’s full support in any military action it chose to take against Serbia.

Schlieffen Plan

Years before the war, a German general named Alfred Von Schilef had developed a plan for attacking France. German armies would march through neutral county of Belgium, bypassing the line of French. Fortresses on the border, and quickly knocks France out of the war.

Allied Forces

• France

• Russia

• Serbia

• Great Britain

• Italy

Central Powers

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Ottoman Empire

Stalemate

Battle Lines would remain almost the same for all four years of the war on the Western Front

Trench Warfare

Was a miserable experience for the soldiers. Underground bunkers were where soldiers lived at the front. Communication trenches ran between different trench lines. It was hot in the summers (obviously) but cold and damp in the winters. Trenches were always waterlogged and extremely muddy. Trenches were infested with rats and soldiers died often in the trenches.

No Man’s Land

The land between the two lines of trenches- any tress had been blown apart by shellfire. The land was dotted with shell holes, dead bodies, and barbed wire. Eventually soldiers were ordered to go “Over the top” And out of their trench to charge towards the enemy. And if you guessed they died, you’d be right!

Russia’s Exit

Everyone was tired of fighting. Germany was sending boys to fight (some being as young as 15 years old) Millions were dead, food was scarce and civilians were starving, and generals failed to deliver the breakthrough they were promised. Still a stalemate in the Western front. Hungry and angry peasants revolted kicking off the Russian revolution in 1917. The Russian Monarchy fell and Vladimir Lenin takes over Russia, saying he wanted to get out of the war.

American’s Entrance🦅🦅🦅

German U-boats are attacking civilian and merchant ships(Many of which are taking supplies to the allies)In the Atlantic- not just military ships. Some of the ships that have been attacked had Americans on board. President Woodrow Wilson is angry that his people are being killed by German submarines attacks. In may 1915, a German sub torpedoed and sank the passenger liner Lusitania without warning. IT went down in minutes and killed 1,200 passengers. 128 being Americans.

Zimmerman telegram

So drammmaaaaaaa.

German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a message to the German ambassador in Mexico- it said that if Mexico would support Germany in the war, Germany would help Mexico take back territory in “New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona” The message is intercepted and the Americans find out about it.

Germany loses war on “Home Front”

By the end of the war, both the German and Austrians people were going hungry. There wasn’t enough food and the British navy was keeping products and food from coming into the central powers by enforcing the blockade. The allies however, remained strong and the home front a relatively well fed. By the end of 1918, the German and Austrian people are hurting and are desperate for the war to end.

End of war

In November of 1918, the German people wanted Kaiser William II out of power so he abdicated his throne and fled to the Netherlands.

Armistice

The new German government wants the war to stop, SO they seek an armistice, which means an agreement to end the fighting. It goes into the effect at 11AM on November 11, 1918.

WW1 after math

8.5 million dead. Germany having the most casualties. Germany receives blame for the war and suffers at the peace conference at Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles

It forced Germany to accept full blame for causing the war. They also had to pay huge reperation’s that would further damage the Germany economy. ($30 billion) The Germany military was also forced to downside. Finally, Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France and German's overseas colonies were taken away.

What is Fascism?

A far-right authoritarian. Ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a doctorial leader.

State of Italy after WW1

Italy was on the winning side of WW1 but, they felt disrespected when the treaty of Versailles didn’t award them territory they wanted. Italy’s economy was in runs and unemployment was very high. Among the soldiers that returned home was Benito Mussolini, who formed the fascist party.

Rise of Mussolini

He appealed to the Italians, especially veteran of WW1, by offering stability during a time of uncertainty. Many of the soldiers joined him, creating the “Paramilitary group” His own personal army of angry supporters known as the black shirts. He led around 30,000 of them in a march on Rome. The King of Italy feared a civil war, so he asked Mussolini to form a new government with himself as Prime Minister

Mussolini

By 1915, Mussolini had become a dictator and took the title II Duce (the leader) He suppressed rival political parties, censored the pressed, and rigged elections. His motto was “Believe! obey! Fight!”

Fascist Economic Policy

Mussolini brought the economy under government control. The fascists preserved capitalism, and workers received low wages and were forbidden to go on strike. Important to note that fascism is not communism and does not involve the redistribution of wealth

Fascist Social Policy

Men urged to be ruthless, selfless warriors fighting for the glory of Italy. Women were pushed out of paying jobs and told to, “win the battle of motherhood” They wanted women to have like 8 kids. Children were taught fascist beliefs, obedience to the government and strict military discipline.

Mussolini’s love of Roman Symbols

He used Roman symbols, had Roman-Styles military parades, talked about restoring Italian to its former glory

The fasces

the fasces was an old Roman symbol, a bundle of sticks tied together, often with an axe head. The symbol was used to represent strength in unity and the idea that people were stronger together rather than alone. It became a symbol of Mussolini’s movement and gave the Fascist Party its name

Mussolini and Hitler

Mussolini took power in Italy around 10 years before Hitler took control of Germany. But, the two eventually became closer allies even though they had opposites ideology. When they forged an alliance in the 1930’s, Mussolini was the stronger partner but by the time WWII began, Hitler was the “Boss”

Weimar Republic

After WWI, Germany was no longer a monarchy, a new government called the Weimar Republic was established. This government was based in the city of Weimar. The Weimar republic was established by a written constitution. Had a parliament and was led by an elected chancellor. Women were allowed to cote in Germany at this time.

Political problems in Weimar republic

The Germans didn’t have a two party system like we have. Instead, they had numerous small political parties that all struggled to gain power in the parliament. Parties joined together in “Coalitions” To get anything done, and the people of Germany began to see that Weimar government wasn’t very effiecnet.

Adolf Hitler’s early life

Was born in Austria in 1889. He wanted to become an artist but they didn’t accept him into art school (That would’ve solved so many problems TBH) He was living on the streets and in shelter, painting and selling postcards. During that time, Hitler began reading anti-Semitic (Anti Jewish) books and articles and attending meetings about it.

Hitler after WWI

After the war, Hitler lived in Munich, a larger city in Southern Germany near the border with Austria. in 1919, he joined an extreme nationalist group called the German’s worker’s party (DAP) later renamed the Nazi party and by the end of 1920, he became the public speaker for the group.

The SA’s (Brownshirts)

Just like Mussolini, the Nazi’s in Germany had a paramilitary known as the Sturmabteilung (SA) They were more commonly known as the brown shirts due to their uniforms. They used violence to expand the Nazi influence in Southern Germany

The Beer Hall Putsch

It was inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome, Hitler and the Nazis devised a plan to revolt against the government. They would first capture the city of Munich and then use the city as a starting point to overthrow the Weimar Republic. It started in a beer hall in central Munich. 600 members of the SA stormed the beer hall and Hitler leaped onto a table, firing a shot into the air and shouting, “The revolution has begun!” Brief shoot-out where 14 Nazis and 4 police officers were killed. Beer hall ended in failure and hitler was arested.

Hitler’s trial

Hitler and other Nazi leaders endured a 24-day trial. Trial gave Hitler a platform to share his nationalistic views, his popularity grew because of the trial. He was sentence to 5 years but got out after only 9 months.

Mein Kampf

While in prison, Hitler wrote an autobiography/ political manifesto called mein kampf (My struggle🙄) in the book, Hitler laid out his anti-semitic beliefs and aspirations for the future of the German state

Lebensraum

When Hitler talked about “living space” He envisioned that Germany would eventually conquer the flat, open expanses of land to the east of Germany in countries like Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Explains why ?hitler attacked and invaded all of these places during WWII. Also believed Slavic people who lived in these countries to be inferior to the Germans, and these countries also had large Jewish pop.

Hitler’s new strategy.

Promoted ideas such as: Better pay for workers and farmers, creating new jobs, abolishing the treaty of Versailles, uniting all German-Speaking peoples, a strong central government, eliminating immigration, and removing citizenship from Jews living in Germany,

Nazi Party Propaganda

Hitler began a speaking tour of Germany, where he sought to reach as many people as possible with his message. Jospeh Goeballs as employed as the Nazi party’s minister of propaganda, and he began producing propaganda posters that portrayed Hitler as the strong leader that Germany needed.

The Reichstag Fire

The Reichstag was the building in Berlin that housed the German parliament, and was mysteriously burned.

A Dutch communist was convicted of it and executed by many believe it was the Nazi party because Hitler used fire as a pretext for consolidating power in the German government.

The enabling Act

After the Reichstag fire, members of communist party were banned from the German parliment. In 1933, Hitler asked the parliament to adopt the enabling act, a law that would allow the Chancellor (Hitler) to enact laws without consulting the parliment.

Hitler as Führer

Within three months of the passage of the enabling act, all political parties in Germany other than the Nazi party had been banned. German parliament technically stilled existed but it stopped meeting and Hitler took the title of Führer. He begins to refer to his new German state as the Third Reich. He rejected the Treaty Of Versailles after refusing to pay for reparation payments and began secretly building up the German military.

Control through terror

German people lived in fear of the government, and the Nazi’s used terror to control. The black uniformed SS were the most elite troops who enforced Hitler’s will. The Gestapo was the Nazi secret police force and was greatly feared.

Nuremberg Rallies

Each year members of the Nazi party would father for the Nazi party Congress in the city of Nuremberg. Hundreds of thousands of Nazi supporters would attend rallies, watch parades, and listen to speeches given by hitler and other top Nazi officials.

Hitler Youth

German boys were encouraged to join the organization called the Hitler youth- very much like the Nazi version of the boy scouts. Members would go on hikes, attend camp, work on physical fitness, and learn principles of the Nazi party

Purging German Culture

Modern art was banned (cause he couldn’t get into art school) Because it was polluted by Jews. Jazz and swing music were banned because of their African roots. Controversial books were deemed dangerous and censored. Many banned books were destoryed in public book burning

Anti-Semitism In Nazi Germany

The Nuremberg laws were enacted and restricted the rights of Jews living in Germany. Jews couldn’t marry Germans, couldn’t teach in German schools or work in hospitals, they couldn’t practice law or publish books, and all jews had their German citizenship revoked. they were often subjected to robberies and beatings.

Night of Borken Glass

Also called Kristallnacht coordinated attacks were launched against Jewish homes and businesses all across Germany. Angry mobs often led by members of the Nazi party, smashed Jewish storefronts, looted property, and burned Jewish places of worship. Police stood by and watched it go down.

Concentration camps

Nazi party began to open detention centers for dissidents and undesirables, beginning with Dachau, just outside of Munich. The first prisoners in Dachau were not Jews, but instead were members of the communist party and many catholic priests who had opposed Nazi rules. Remember concentration camps were NOT death camps with gas chambers and the death of people

Appeasement

All the other nations saw what Hitler was beginning to do but kept on appeasing him because no one wanted war.

Winston Churchill

Was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Was talking about Hitler before it was cool. He was a warmonger. After Hitler invades, Churchill looks like a genius and puts party divisions aside. Everyone assumed Stalin would side with them because he and Hitler hated each other but instead the two signed a non-aggression pact.

Germany’s invasion of Poland

Used the Blitzkrieg attack. Was also known as Lighting War.

1. Planes bomb airfields, factories, bridges,
   towns, and cities. Dive bombers also attack enemy troops and civilians

2. • 2. Paratroopers land behind enemy lines and
   attack enemy positions

3. • 3. Fast-moving tanks race across the border and
   storm through the enemy country

4. • 4. The infantry follows behind tanks and consolidates
   gains.

Phony War

After Poland was attacked, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany but did nothing France sat behind the Maginot line

Maginot line

Most heavily fortified line in the world with barriers and soldiers.

Miracle of Dunkirk

british didn’t have enough warships to save their trapped solider. German uses subs and explodes any ships that get close and kills them. France put out a call to the people to bring their ship and save their boys. Was known as the citizen navy or little ships of Dunkirk. Was a moral victory more than anything. france falls to Nazi Germany and France is forced to surrender.

The Battle of Britain

August 1940, Hitler began a massive air attack against Great Britain. Every single day the Germans would bomb Southern England. Soon Hitler began to target larger cities such as London. Lasted for 57 consecutive nights, 15,000 died.

The Blitz

During the Blitz, British planes belonging to the Royal Air Force (RAF) fought against German planes in the skies over London. Citizens of Major cities would hide for cover. Churchill stayed in London to raise moral.

St. Pauls

One of the only places that survived the attacks.

Operation Barbossa

Hitler decides to invade the Soviet Union in order to get its natural resources- especially Oil. Hitler surprised Stalin with a blitzkrieg against Russia with 3 million soldiers. russia lost 2.5 million soldiers in the war. Germany was halted during the winter time.

Battle of Stalingrad

This is a battle based on Hitler’s pettiness alone. He wanted to cut through it because it was named after Stalin and it guarded the oil fields just south of the city. Intense fighting, Germans took 90% of the city before an intense fightback by Russia. Germans surrender their 91,000 men in Feb. of 1943. Hitler was Pissy. Began a German collapse of the Eastern Front of the war.

Atlantic Wall

Hitler anticipated the inavasion of the alllied forces so he prepared his coast lines with Belgain gates, Mines, Ramps, Hedgehogs, Minefields, Machine guns, and so on. The only issue was, there was too much land to cover.

Omaha Beach

America’s landing zone, saw the heaviest fighting and greatest lost.

Liberation of Paris

As word moved through the city of the German surrender, citizens sought their own justice against collaborators by conducting thousands of summary executions. Meanwhile, the military operation wound down, with 15,000 German prisoners of war captured in Paris and another 4,200 killed or wounded.

Battle of the Bulge

took place in the snowy Ardennes forest and was extremely bloody. Almost 20,000 Americans were killed while Germany lost over 100,000. Tanks played a major part in this battle

Bombing Raids on German Cities

The German Luftwaffe (Air Force) had lost its superiority in the skies over Europe. Americans and the Brits begin a massive bombing campaign of German cities. Cities like Hamburg are nearly wiped off of the map. Dresden suffered the worst

The fall of Nazi Germany

The red army (soviet Union) Advanced on Berlin from the east while the Americans and British advanced from the west. Hitler is surrounded. Hitler stays in deep underground in a bunker and commits suicide and forces his generals to cremate him

V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

Germany surrenders to the Allies on May 7th and the war in Europe officially ended on the 8th. Japan was still fighting the war so WWII was still happening

Pearl Harbor

Hawaii was only a territory in USA at the time, used as primary naval based. Admiral Tojo decided to launch a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. 19 ships were damaged, hundreds of planes were destroyed, and 2,400 were killed

President Roosevelt’s’ Response

FDR gave a speech to the nation the day after the attack, in the speech, he asked congress to declare war on Japan. By December 11, the united states was at war with Japan, Germany, and Italy

Battle of Midway

In the turning point in the Pacific- the US navy sinks four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser. After Midway, the United States has the advantage and goes on offensive

Guadalcanal

Was the first American offensive in the “Island Hopping” Campaign. Marines landed there and fought a bloody battle in the jungles for six months

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The last and most important battles in the island hopping campaign. They were ethe last two steps on the path to the Japanese mainland. Iwo Jima was a volcanic island of black rock with many caves to provide defenses for the Japanese who held the island. Okinawa is a large island only 340 miles away from the Japanese mainland. Much of the island was rocky, rugged, and mountainous and the island was know to receive 10 inches of rain per day.

Kamikazes: The Divine Wind

The Japanese were extremely desperate, so they began a radical new program that utilized suicide piolts called kamikazes piolts considered it an honor to die for their emperor. Around 50 American ships were sunk

The Atomic Bomb

Think Manhattan Project

Decision to drop the bomb

Oresident Franklin D. Roosevelt had recently died and VP Harry Truman took over. When Truman learned about it, he issues a warning to Japan. Japan ignored it and Truman dropped the first bomb.

Hiroshima

First atomic bomb was dropepd on August 6, 1945, in Hiroshima. The explosion destoryed foru square miles of the city, vaporizing everyon. 70,000 people were instantly killed and many more died in the following months.

Nagasaki

Two days later, Japan failed to surrender so the second bomb was dropped, 40,000 were killed instantly that time and Japan finally surrendered

Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad was one of the most decisive battles on the Eastern Front in the Second World War. The Soviet Union inflicted a catastrophic defeat on the German Army in and around this strategically important city on the Volga river, which bore the name of the Soviet dictator, Josef Stalin.

Hymn to Stalin

Soviet song from WWII that glorifies the defense of Stalingrad and the bravery of its defenders against Nazi invasion portraying the city as a symbol of resistance and victory. Form of propaganda