Anatomy & Physiology II - Laboratory Review

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and physiological functions from the Anatomy & Physiology II lecture, including topics such as the nervous system, respiratory system, blood composition, and endocrine responses.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

To supply the body with oxygen for cellular respiration and rid the body of carbon dioxide.

What is a temporary wet-mount slide?

A slide that uses water and will be disposed of when no longer needed.

How do you calculate total magnification on a microscope?

Multiply the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens.

What are the parts of the compound microscope?

Revolving nosepiece, ocular lenses, objective lenses, stage, stage controls, coarse and fine focus knobs, iris diaphragm, light source, and base.

What is the purpose of adjusting the iris diaphragm?

To ensure that the field of view is brightly and evenly lit.

What type of neurons have a myelin sheath?

Medullated neurons.

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

To respond to stressful situations.

What is the structure that encases the axon of a neuron?

Myelin sheath.

What is a reflex arc?

It is made up of five components: sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector.

What is the process called when the lens of the eye changes shape to focus on objects?

Accommodation.

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating body movements?

Cerebellum.

What tissue system does the thymus belong to?

Lymphatic system.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To regulate blood volume, blood composition, and blood pressure.

Define glomerular filtration.

It is the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule.

How many blood types are there in humans?

Four: A, B, AB, and O.

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

To transport oxygen.

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

To regulate most other glands in the endocrine system.

What type of hormones do adrenal glands produce?

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Below the thalamus in the brain.

What do lymphatic vessels transport?

Lymph, a colorless liquid.

What is the purpose of the nucleus in white blood cells?

To allow for cellular activities and responses to infections.

Define capillaries.

Small blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs.

What is the main function of the iris in the eye?

To control the size of the pupil and regulate light entering the eye.

What is the role of hemoglobin?

To bind and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

Insulin is secreted to promote glucose uptake by cells.

What is the term for the area in the compound microscope where the specimen is placed?

Stage.

Identify one of the components of reflex arcs.

Sensory neuron.

Explain the concept of visual acuity.

It measures how well a person can see details of an object.

Which types of cells are responsible for immune responses?

White blood cells (WBCs).

What is the structure that prevents scattering of light in the eye?

Choroid.

How does blood regrouping work when Rh positive blood is given to an Rh negative person?

The Rh negative person develops antibodies that attack the Rh antigens on RBCs.

What is the normal adult secretion of urine?

Approximately 800 to 2000 milliliters per day.

What distinguishes a respiratory center?

It regulates the rate and depth of breathing.

Where does urine formation begin?

In the nephrons of the kidneys.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What do the adrenal cortex hormones regulate?

Metabolism, immune response, and stress responses.

How do you prepare a wet mount slide?

Place the specimen on a slide, add water, and gently lower a cover slip.

What are the components of a neuron?

Cell body, axon, dendrites, and axon terminals.

What is the benefit of the shape of red blood cells?

Increased surface area to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.

What is the function of the Nephron?

To filter blood and produce urine.

How many chambers does the human heart have?

Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

Mention one component of the renal corpuscle.

Glomerulus.

What is negative feedback in hormonal control?

A process that reverses deviations from normal hormone levels.

What are the two types of muscles involved in breathing?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

What are the blood types determined by?

The presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells.

What are platelets responsible for?

Blood clotting.

Define the term 'cutaneous sensations.'

Sensations felt from receptors in the skin sensitive to contact, pressure, vibration, temperature, or pain.

What does the ciliary body do?

It controls the shape of the eye lens for focusing.

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

Two lobes.

What role does the tympanic membrane play in the auditory system?

It vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting sound to the ear ossicles.

What is the role of lacteals?

To absorb dietary fats in the form of chyle from the small intestine.

What is accommodation in the eye?

The ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects.

What are the primary functions of white blood cells?

To defend against infection and disease.

What is the shape of the cornea?

Dome-shaped and transparent.

What is the main organ of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes.

Define 'dendrites' in the context of neurons.

Extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

What is the function of the optic nerve?

To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

What are the three layers of the eye?

Sclera, choroid, and retina.

What is the capacity of tidal volume?

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

What role do lymphocytes serve in the lymphatic system?

They are responsible for immune responses.

What happens if the body experiences dehydration?

Kidneys conserve water, and urine concentration increases.

What is the importance of sodium in the body?

It helps regulate fluid balance and nerve function.

Where is the diaphragm located?

Below the lungs, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

What is the main function of the liver in relation to the circulatory system?

To process nutrients and detoxify blood.

What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?

To trap and sweep away foreign particles and mucus.

What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?

The study of the structure and organization of living organisms.

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

To produce digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin.

How do blood vessels regulate flow?

By vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

What does the renal pelvis do?

It collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter.

What is the significance of the medulla in the brain?

It regulates vital autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing.

What is the primary function of the spleen?

To filter blood and recycle iron, as well as facilitate immune responses.

What is a sphygmomanometer used for?

To measure blood pressure.

What do pulmonary capillaries do?

They facilitate gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs.

What is the role of the liver's Kupffer cells?

To phagocytize pathogens and debris in the blood.

What is the impact of high carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

It stimulates the respiratory center to increase breathing rate.

What hormone does the adrenal medulla produce?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

What is the main role of the urinary bladder?

To temporarily store urine.

How are antibodies produced in the body?

By lymphocytes, mainly B cells, in response to antigens.

What does the term 'physiology' refer to?

The study of the functions and mechanisms in living organisms.

What causes the sensation of pain?

Activation of nociceptors due to injury or harmful stimuli.

Why are red blood cells biconcave in shape?

To maximize surface area for oxygen transport.

What factors can affect respiratory rate?

Exercise, altitude, illness, and emotional state.

What process occurs during inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity volume expands, causing air to flow in.

What anatomical term describes the back of the body?

Dorsal.

What is homeostasis?

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

What is a cardiovascular event?

An incident like a heart attack or stroke due to blood vessel obstruction.

What are baroreceptors responsible for?

Detecting changes in blood pressure.

What does the term 'endocrine' refer to?

Relating to glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

To reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent collapse.

What type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?

Cardiac muscle.

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

On either side of the spinal column in the lower back.

What does the term 'peristalsis' refer to?

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

What sensory receptors are responsible for detecting light?

Photoreceptors.

What is the main function of the thymus in the immune system?

To mature T lymphocytes.

What structure filters blood in the kidneys?

Nephrons.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What is the primary role of the epiglottis?

To prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.

Describe the function of the renal tubule.

It reabsorbs water and nutrients and secretes waste products into the urine.