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do all bacteria have capsules?
no (differential stain)
encapsulated bacteria
non-encapsulated bacteria
functions of capsules
anti-phagocytic: limit ability of phagocyte to engulf bacteria
attachment: to host tissue (cells) → promotes infection (sticky w/ polysaccharides)
why identify capsules?
differentiate between different types of bacteria → identify bact → make proper dz diagnosis → give proper treatment → future prevention
negative stain technique
= “indirect” staining (image not colored but everything else is)
how do you know if a capsule is really present in the image?
background: looks dark
capsule: not stained! (clear halo)
not charged (non-ionic): b/c polysaccharides are uncharged
cannot pick-up charged dyes → will NOT STAIN
bacterium: stains purple color (peptidoglycan (-) & dye chromophores (+))
india ink
dark background; non-ionic dye → will NOT bind capsule
crystal violet
stains bacterium inside the capsule
heat fix?
NO! will destroy capsule (polysaccharides)