AP World - Unit 3 Vocab

Absolutism

type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a King

Akbar Style

style of Indo-Islamic architecture conceived during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar

Anglican Church

the Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England

Anne Boleyn

second wife of King Henry VIII

Banners

originally established in 1639 by the Qing dynasty, the eight banners were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. Banners quickly evolved into the basis of Manchu military organization, with each required to raise and support a prescribed number of troops

Canto

a song or ballad; a term adapted by Dante to mean one of the principal divisions of a long poem

Cardinal Richelieu

a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman, serving as King Louis XIII's Chief Minister from 1624

Castes

also called jatis, strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus

Catherine the Great

German queen who ruled Russia absolutely after her husband died and doubled its size due to her military knowledge

Catholic Reformation

the Catholic attempt to fix their own problems and combat Protestant Reformation

Charles I

King of England who was legally tried and executed for treason

Charles V

Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy

Cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia and who combined agriculture with military conquests

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) corrected some of the worst of the Catholic church's abuses and focused on reaffirming rituals such as marriage

Czar

The Russian word for Emperor (Caesar)

Daimyo

A powerful noble in early modern Japan

Devshirme

in the Ottoman Empire, a system (literally, "collection") of training talented children to be administrators or members of the sultan's harem. originally meritocratic, by the seventeenth century it had degenerated into a hereditary caste

Diet of Worms

assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw

Divine Right

the idea pushing Absolutism which says that God chose a specific king to rule

Dyarchy

during the Qing dynasty in China, a system in which all important national and provincial administrative positions were shared equally by Chinese and Manchus, which helped consolidate both the Manchus' rule and their assimilation

Edict of Nantes

issued by King Henry IV and allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith

Emperor Kangxi

emperor of Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions but turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

English Bill of Rights

English document which creates a separation of powers by using Parliament to limit the Monarch and grants more basic rights to the Middle Classes

English Civil War

Fight between English Parliament and Royalty over political issues (1642-1649)

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

Francis Xavier

a companion of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534. led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly in the Portuguese Empire of the time and was influential in evangelization work, most notably in India.

Ghazi

Muslim religious warriors

Grand Vizier

the chief minister in the Ottoman Empire, under the Great Sultan

Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires which relied heavily on gunpowder and firearms

Gutenberg Printing Press

allowed books to be printed instead of hand written and increased literacy

Harem

the private living quarters of a ruler such as the sultan in the Ottoman Empire or the caliph of Baghdad. generally large and mostly inhabited by the extended family

Henry VIII

King of England who created the Anglican Church so he could get a divorce from his wife and find another woman who could provide him with an heir

Heresy

an idea or belief that goes against accepted Christian belief

Hidden Imam

part of Shi'ite teaching that claims that all rulers appointed are temporary "fill ins" for the 12th descendent of Ali who is expected to return as a messiah

Imam

Person who leads prayer in a Muslim mosque

Indulgences

piece of paper someone could buy to be forgiven of sins

Infidel

someone who does not believe the way someone else does; one of no faith

Inquisitions

tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

Intendants

royal officials in France sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government

Isfahan

capital city of Iran during the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I in 1598

Ismail

early Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq

Istanbul

the new name given to Constantinople when the Ottoman Empire conquered it

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

absolute king Russia who first used the term "Czar" and had two distinct periods of rule

Janissaries

an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Jesuits

religious order founded in 1540 that opposed the spread of Protestantism

John Calvin

the founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva Switzerland

Jizya

tax levied by Islamic stats on certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) who were permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law

Justices of the Peace

officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the countries of England and carry out the monarch's laws

Kabuki

a form of Japanese theater that developed in the seventeenth century. Originally disreputable, it became a highly stylized art form

Limited Monarchy

government in which a King rules with a Parliament who limits his power

Louis XIV

French king who is considered to be the best example of Absolutism due to how much control he had over his kingdom

Macao

Chinese shipping city under the Qing Dynasty and Portuguese

Manchuria

A region of northeast China and the home of the Manchus who ruled China from 1644-1912

Manchus

ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name

Mansabs

grants of land in India given in return for military or government service to the Mughal Empire

Martin Luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation with his written work, 95 Theses

Mateo Ricci

an Italian Jesuit priest who was one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. His 1602 map of the world in Chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration to East Asia

Mehmet II

ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 who wanted to capture Constantinople and topple the Byzantine Empire

Millets

independent court of law in which members of the Ottoman community could have self-rule

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire ruling India from the 16th to 18th centuries

Muscovy

the Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination from 1276 to 1598

Ninety-five Theses

the list of grievances written by Martin Luther, which began the Reformation

Oliver Cromwell

a soldier who defeated Charles I during the English Civil War and then created a military dictatorship

Osmanli

language of the court/government which shared basic grammar and vocabulary with the Turkish language but had distinct Arabic and Persian elements that made it different than local villagers

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire in the Middle East and North Africa from 1453-1918

Peace of Augsburg

each German state could choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

Peace of Westphalia

allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

Peter the Great

Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia

Philip II

took over Spain in 1555 from his father Charles V

Puritans

non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England

Predestination

The idea that God chose in advance who would be saved and who would not

Propaganda

Information of a biased nature, used to promote a particular political cause

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement when people broke away from the Catholic Church

Qing Empire

Chinese dynasty lasting from 1644 to 1911

Rajputs

regional princes in western India who emphasized military control of their regions

Red Fort

located in Delhi, India, this was the main residence of emperors of the Mughal dynasty during the 17th century

Ronin

Japanese warriors made unemployed by developments in the early modern era, since samurai were forbidden to engage in commerce

Safavid Empire

Muslim Empire in Persia from 1501-1722

Serfs

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of feudalism

Shah

the title a king takes in the Safavid Empire

Shah Abbas I

ruler of the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629 during its height

Shariah

a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and inheritance

Shi'ite

one of the sects of Islam

Sikhism

developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism

Simony

buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual

Spanish Inquisition

organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions from Protestants, Jews, and Muslims

Suleiman the Magnificent

tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Sultan

the title a king takes in the Ottoman Empire

Sunni Ali

king of the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa that controlled Timbuktu in the 15th century

Taj Mahal

located in Agra, India, this structure was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife

Tamerlane

Timur the Lame, a Mongol Turkic ruler who invaded Central Asia and the Middle East setting the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires

Tax Farmers

process in which the highest bidder was granted permission to collect the taxes and then pay a portion to the government

Thirty Years' War

war between Catholics and Protestants in and around the Holy Roman Empire

Tokugawa Ieyasu

the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

Versailles

the palace of French King Louis XIV

Witch Hunts

a period when 110,000 women were tried as witches in Western Europe

Zamindars

Indian tax collectors who were assigned land from which they kept part of the revenue

Zheng He

a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty