AQA A Level Geography - Changing Places

Location

where a place is on a map, latitude/longitude

Locale

Each place is made up of a series of locales where everyday life activities take place e.g. home, park. These locales dictate our social interactions and help forge attitudes, values and behaviours - naturally behave different in each of these places.

Sense of place

the subjective and emotional attachment to a place

Space

an area with no meaning

Placelessness

the idea that a particular landscape could be anywhere because it lacks uniqueness e.g. airports, McDonalds
How globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same

Insiders

people who feel like they belong in a certain place and that is their home

Outsiders

people who feel out of place in a certain place and that they don't belong

Insiders features

-born in area
-permanent resident, passport, housing, vote, fluent in language
-understands rules of society
-safe, secure, happy

Outsiders features

-born elsewhere, foreign
-temporary visitor, not fluent, no work/passport
-misunderstand society rules
-alienated

Factors forming place attachment

-family/friends
-religion
-gender
-age
-experiences
-morals
-ethnicity
-education
-interests

Relationship between experience and attachment

Y axis = attachment
X axis = Intensity of experience

The Tripartite Model of Place Attachment

Place attachment
= Person
= Place
= Process

Person

who is attached, indicates that attachment to place can occur both individually and collectively

Place

what is attached, social relationship that exists within the realm of an individuals significant place. The natural and built physical environments can be subjects of person-place bond

Process

how does attachment exist, collective effects of effective cognitive and behavioural aspects

Place attachment

the emotional bond between a person and place

Near place

places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country.

Far place

Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Division between 'them' and 'us', racist ideologies, 'whinging poms' mocking terms.
UK and France = neighbours but different

Media place

Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media, makes world seem smaller, more understanding of world. Information age, contrast other representations, can we understand a place if we never develop a sense of place there?

Topophilia

love of a place

Topophobia

hate/fear of a place

Media representations

Slumdog Millionaire vs Exotic Marigold Hotel

Experienced place

Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, deeper understanding and true nature, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, Genius loci

Genius Loci

the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place, learn more about it

Information age

bombarded with images and other forms of representations about the world

Endogenous factors

internal factors that help shape the character of a place, physical as well as human features

Examples of endogenous factors

Land use, demographic, nature/landscape

Factors influencing place

-location
-built environment
-physical geography
-topography
-land use
-economic characteristics
-infrastructure
-demographic characteristics

Exogenous factors

external factors that shape the character of a place, generally the relations that a place has with other places that affects its characteristics

Examples of exogenous factors

movement of:
people, resources, money, investment, ideas

Migration within the EU

-new shops, some schools struggle with large numbers of children having English as a second language.
-Fish processing in Scotland, farm work in East Anglia = benefited from labour

Groups which suffer exclusion

Ethnic minorities
LGBT communities
Homeless
Gypsies/travellers
Disabled
Age
Immigrants

Why ethnic minorities suffer exclusion

feel uncomfortable as they are minority in area, e.g. Marlborough 93% white

Why LGBT communities suffer exclusion

people have opposing views and may be unwelcoming/uneducated

Why homeless people suffer exclusion

people look down on them and don't want to interact with them

Why gypsies suffer exclusion

live in their own communities and have different traditions

Why disabled people suffer exclusion

may not be able to access certain areas e.g. stairs

Why young or elderly suffer exclusion

stereotypes, can't use certain things 18+ 65+, may be frail so can't access certain things

Why immigrants suffer exclusion

media portrays them negatively, so viewed negatively by population, in a white British area.

Formal representation

facts, objective, quantitative, statistical data e.g. Census or Geospatial data (GIS),
90% of data in last decade is geographically located

Informal representation

not accurate representation, creative, related with certain groups in society
e.g. Beijing Olympics - one child policy hidden

Examples of informal representation

art, media, tv, film, photos, music, murals, graffiti

Examples of formal representation

Census data, OS maps

Evaluation of formal representation

+quantitative data is non-bias and easy to interpret
X doesn't show an actual representation of a place

Evaluation of informal representation

+can be changed for context
X subjective
X data may be interpreted differently

Place identity

how people experience a place and the meaning they give to it.
Identity can be evident at a local, regional and national scale, people can hold multiple and conflicting views of a place

Clone Towns

losing their place identity
e.g. Broad Mead, Bristol, doesn't represent Bristol's diversity and history as a city. TNCs and chain stores can afford rents whereas independent stores pushed out

Totness

one of lowest percentages of branded stores = strong sense of community in town, all local produce and businesses, local economy.
fought to stop Costa.

Reliability

secondary sources supply information through someone else's perspective, interpretation makes data subjective, could be inaccurate

Provenance

positive or negative impression, symbols or stereotypes, author/artists choices, context who created the source, hidden texts, compared to other sources, wider processes.

Example of a clone town

Broad Mead Bristol

Near place definition

Geographically near to where a person lives, feels like home

Far place definition

Distant from where a person lives, seen as foreign

Experienced place definition

Places that people have spent time in. When a person visits/lives in a place their experiences shape their sense of that place

Media places definition

Places that people have not been to, but have created a sense of place through their deception in the media

Government policies

-Big impact on demographic characteristics of a place (one child policy)
-Cultural characteristics (Germany)
-Social and economic characteristics (Hulme)

Government policy Germany

1960s German government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany, now has many aspects of Turkish culture

Government policy Hulme

1992 regeneration of Hulme local council and partners aimed to increase population as well as employment rates and quality of life

Multinational corporations

impact demographic, social and economic characteristics
Detroit, USA

Detroit

Once global centre of car manufacturing, factories gave city economic boost.
-large number of migrants for jobs
-Recession = industries moved to cheaper countries = massive population decline (over half)
1.8m (1950s) to 700,000 (2010)
-Employment reduced 2010 = 24.8% workforce unemployed
-some of US highest crime rates

International/global institutions

World Food Programme
World Bank

World Food Programme

provides emergency food, prevent death from famine (social), provided aid to millions of people in Yemen since 2015

World Bank

Invests in and sets up thousands of projects which aim to reduce poverty. Between 2010 and 2015 provided funding to Nirgbo New Countryside Development Project in China. Improved social conditions of area by providing clean wastewater disposal to 144 villages

Hastings: Jerwood gallery

£4m art gallery

Used to attract tourist

Say no to Jerwood

Eyesore

£2 entry for residents

£7 for non-residents

Hastings:Pier

2010 burnt down

Save the pier campaign

£14 million project funded by the lottery

Name the people’s pier

2017 won pier of the year

November 2017 the pier goes into receivership

Hastings:town deal

£24.3 million

Invested in Town center

town living

Transport to town center

Hastings heritage castle

Going green (three new carbon low training facilities)

Development of 3 employment sites

Hastings history

Primary meadows was a cricket ground

1066

bath houses

Mods and rockers