Neuroscience First Exam

Dr. Renken Neuro 241

Neuron Doctrine four principles

Neuron as basic unit

Contiguity — Not continuity (connection of synapses)

Only connects to specific partners

Dynamic polarization (one way movement of info)

Divisions of Neuron

Input Zone - dendrites, neurons receieving information via synapses

Integration Zone - neuron’s cell body (somata). Combines information received whether or not it should send its own signal

Conduction Zone - axon, carries neuron’s own signas away from cell body. Aided by myelin (white matter)

Output Zone - End of axon, axon terminals, transits neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells

Neuron’s Shapes

multipolar - dendrites and single axon

bipolar - single dendrite and single axon

unipolar- single extension. Axon as its entire length

Central Nervous System

Brain + Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves that connect to muscles, organs, and skin

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cell in the central nervous system that produce myelin to insulate nerve fibres

Afferent and Efferent Nerves

Afferent - sensory into the CNS

Efferent - seonsroy out of the CNS

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

(S) = Sensory

(M) = Motor

(B) = Both

Cranial Nerves

On Old Olympus Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Crainal Nerves

Nerve = Bundle of axons in PNS

Tract = Bundle of axons in the Brain

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight

and Parasympathetic - Rest and digest

Nervous System

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus, Thalamus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Amygdala, Subthalamic Nucleus, Substantia Nigra

Crucial for skill learning and control of movement

Limbic System

Cingulate Gyrus, Fornix, Olfactory Bulb, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Thalamus

Implicated in Emotion

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Depolarization the postsynaptic membrane and brings neuron closer to action potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Hyperpolarizes the membrane, taking it further away from firing the action potential

Depolarization

Makes inside of the cell less negative

Hyperpolarization

Makes inside of the cell more negative than resting potential

Three Meninges

Dura Mater - Thick

Arachnoid Mater - web like middle layer

Pia Mater - thin layer inner

What is CSF?

cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Ventricular System

Lateral ventricles → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Subarachnoid space

Two types of stroke

Ischemic Stroke - Blocked Vessels

Hemorrhagic - Broken blood vessels

How are the cells of the cerebral cortex organized?

Six layers of neurons

- sensory processing, movement, language, memory, and decision-making

Thalamus

Almost all senses except smell

Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis and motivation

Why is medulla injuries often fatal

Controls automatic functions, breathing and heart rate. Stopping these functions is fatal.