Psych chp 15 Stress

micro stressors

mild inconveniences throughout the day

mixure of _____ ________ increase the likelyhood of a _____ ______ _____.

micro stressors major negative event

Major negative event

chronic stressor. deal with it every day but one inital blow

Catastrophic events

chronic stressor, deal with it everyday and it doesnt decrease

person situation model

Stress is influenced by both personal traits and the situation, not just one factor alone.

Reaction Range

Our genes set the potential limits for our traits, but our environment determines where we actually fall within that range.

transaction model

Stress isnt just about the stressor and the individual, its about the ongoing transaction betweent the two.

stress arises from the interaction between an individual's ________ of a stressful event and their ability to ____ with it, rather than solely from the event itself. 

appraisal cope

First step in the stress response

Cognitive Apprasial

Cognitive Appraisal is split into two stages

Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

Primary Appraisal

Deciding if a situation is stressful, positive, or irrelevent

Secondary appraisal

Evaluating our resources, possible consequences, and what the outcome means for us.

Psychologists change the way you _______ the situation

Appraise

Disqualifying the positive

Rejecting or downplaying positive experiences, focusing only on the negative.

Should statements

rigid and unrealistic expectations “i shouldve done that”

Mind Reading

Assuming what someone is thinking or feeling, think they are judging or critizing you

Mental Filter

Focusing only on the negative and filtering out the positive

All-or-nothing

Seeing things as completely good or completely bad, with no middle ground.

What cognitive distortion is also known as black and white thinking?

All-or-Nothing

Overgeneralization

making broad assumptions based on limited evidence

Magnification

exaggerating negative aspects while minimizing positive aspects

Emotionality

involves making decisions based on feelings instead of facts

Physiological Response

The body's physical reaction to stress based on how a situation is appraised

Which appraisal affects the Physiological stress repsonse first

Primary

The secondary response evalutes our coping resources, which can either _____ or ______ our stress response

Amplify dampen

General Adaption syndrome

Alarm stage, resistance, exhaustion

The alarm system is the inital _____ or ______ response

fight or flight

during the fight or flight response which system is activated

The sympathetic nervous system

why do we experience fight or flight?

our evolutionarily-developed brains still think it encounters wild lions

which apprisal is the one psychologists can change?

Secondary

fight or flight logic: _______ _______ takes precedence over ____-___ ___________.

immediate survival long-term survival

What does fight or flight state to do your body

Increases heart rate, muscles are tense for action, glucose increases for energy, and suppression of non essentials

HPA axis

your body’s long term stress response

since the fight or flight state only lasts seconds or minutes we need the ___ ____

HPA axis

the ___ ____also helps restore some of the damage done by the ______ or ______ stat e

hpa axis fight or flight

Hypothalamus

brains master regulator, regulates hormones, controls body tempature, managing hunger and effecting emotional and behavioral responses

what hormones does the fight or flight state dump in the body?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pituitary Gland

regulates hormones such as sex, growth, thyroid (metabolism), and prolactin

Adrenal Gland

produces hormones that regulate bodily functions, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, androgens (like testosterone), and cortisol

Cortisiol

Vital steroid hormone, referred to as the stress hormone

what produces cortisol

Adrenal Glands

What does cortisol during the bodys stress response

begin to convert fat into glucose (protein and sugar), maintain alertness (allows you to stay awake for studying) converts lactate and glycerol to sugar, increases immune function, decreases inflammation

Inhalers for asthma is a gas version of

Cortisol

When the body is exposed to excessive stress, the stress response system can lead to a state of

Exhaustion

The state of exhaustion can affect us on three levels

Physical, cognitive, emotional

during stressful situations what hormone surpresses our immune system to save energy so we dont get sick?

Cortisol

Chronic exposure to stress can lead to

Low grade inflammation

during low grade inflamation your body stays in a state of

alert

any type of inflammation is going to result in some ____ and ____

wear and tear

contuinous wear and tear and inflammation can lead to serious conditions such as

heart problems, diabetes, cancer, accelerated aging, neurodegenerative diseases

Three main styles of coping

Problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and seeking social support

which is generally the most effective style of coping? and why?

Emotion focused problem solving because primary or secondary apprasial is emotional in nature

Hardiness

the ability to handle stress and grow from it

Resilience

Using stress as a transformitive state, thriving from stress

_______ stress triggers increases anxiety to the trigger substantially

avoiding

psychologists teach Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) therapy to those who suffer from ___ , _______ and _____ _____

OCD anxiety and panic attacks

if you believe you have strong ______ ______ skills more likely to secondary appriase a challenging situation as _______

problem solving managable

Third place a _______ meeting place where ______ ________ are less prominent

netural social hiearchies

Three D’s that help define what makes a behavior a mental disorder

Distressing- to self and others, Dysfunctional- to person or society, Deviates from social norms

Major Depressive disorder can be confused with grief since they both involve ___ ____, _______ and _____ ________

low mood, sadness, and social withdrawal

Bipolar 1

god complex level manic periods. may or may not be periods of depression.

Bipolar 2

involves periods of mania and depression, but mania is not as severe as other bipolar, depression is same level

Borderline Personality disorder

involves intense mood swings, unstable relationships, and a deep fear of abandonment

Anxiety disorder

out of proportion anxious reactions of to situations that trigger them, anxiety interferes with daily life

OCD

conists of two components cognitive and behavioral- obessions and complusions

Obsessions definition for OCD

repetitive unwelcome thoughts that difficult to control

Compulsions definiton for OCD

repetitive behaviors that are difficult to control often to reduce ocd anxiety

what type is Positive schizophrenia and what are the symptoms

Type 1 Schizophrenia and Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior

what type is negative schizophrenia and what are the symptoms

Type 2 Schizophrenia lack of emotional expression, motivation and normal speech

thought disturbances schizophrenia

disorganized thinking and delusions, loose associations, tangential speech, word salad, and false beliefs

Randomized control trials

A study where participants are randomly assigned to different groups to test the effectiveness of a treatment in a fair and unbiased way.

Control group

A group in a study that does not receive the treatment—used for comparison to see the treatment’s real effect.

repeated measures

A method where the same people take part in every part of the experiment.

between subjects

A design where different people are in each group, and each group gets a different treatment

Case study

An in-depth analysis of a single person, group, or event

Independent variable

varibale that is purposely changed or manipulated to see its affect on the other variable

Dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment to see how it changes in response to the other variable.

High reliability can still have low validity

results are consistent but thiose results might not actually measure what you intended.

psychologist

A professional who studies behavior and mental processes and provides therapy but cannot prescribe medication.

psychiatrist

A medical doctor who can diagnose mental health conditions and prescribe medication for treatment.

counsellor

A professional who provides talk therapy and helps people with personal, social, or emotional issues

dodo bird effect

The idea that all types of therapy are equally effective because they share common factors

3 factors for sucess in therapy

openess, proper fit, do your homework

30% of therapy sucess revolves around if the psychologist is

emphathic, unconditional acceptance, genuineness, trust, care

on average __ sessions are required to see improvement

13

how many sessions does insurance generally provide

8