Human Development Ch4

Proximodistal development

Growth that begins from the center of the body and works outward.

Changes in muscle-fat makeup

happen rapidly within the first two years, newborn is 20in long and 7 ½ lbs. End of year 1 is 32in and triples to 22 lbs. By the end of year 2 to 36in and quadruple to 30lb

Changes in body proportions

Proximodistal & Cephalocaudal growth

Cephalocaudal development

Growth that occurs from head to tail, with the head developing more rapidly than the lower body.

Two vantage points of understanding brain growth

the microscopic level of individual brain cells and the larger level of the cerebral cortex

Neurons

Nerve cells that store and transmit information.

Synapses

Tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons that send messages across the synapse.

Responsible for Human Intelligence

larger level of the cerebral cortex

When does th brain double in size ?

during first year

Lateralization

Specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

heredity has a large impact on growth when…

diet and health are adequate

Plasticity

Openness of development to change in response to influential experiences.

Catch up growth

ability to return to genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions are corrected.

Breastfeeding benefits

• Ensures nutritional completeness

• Provides correct fat–protein balance

• Helps ensure healthy physical growth

• Protects against disease

• Protects against faulty jaw and tooth development

• Ensures digestibility

• Smooths transition to solid foods

Bottle feeding benefits

• Good for mothers who can't produce enough milk

• Good for mothers who can't be with infant all the time

• Easy

Recommendation by dept of health on breastfeeding

advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and inclusion of breast milk in the baby’s diet until at least 1 year.

Marasmus

A wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.

Kwashiorkor

A condition caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein, leading the body to break down its own protein reserves.

Food insecurity

Uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life.

Anemia

A condition where the blood doesn't have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin(carry oxygen).

Average age for holding head steady

6 weeks.

Average age for sitting alone

7 months.

Average age for crawling

7 months.

Average age for standing alone

11 months.

Average age for scribbling

14 months.

Average age for walking alone

11 months and 3 weeks.

Gross motor development skills

crawl, walk, run

Fine motor development

fine movement, fingers, ability to grab something w whole hand, then grabbing something with fingers

Reaching

The greatest role in the development of fine motor skills.

Grasping

The ability of a child to pick up things by themselves and explore objects.

Depth perception

The ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.

Color vision

The ability to see color as the child develops.