Medieval Europe: Revival of Learning, Breakdown of Society, and Economic Growth

Flashcards covering the re-emergence of universities, the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, and agricultural and economic growth in medieval Europe.

Which empires preserved Greek and Roman work before learning re-emerged in Europe?

The Byzantine and Islamic empires.

What were three major early European universities and their locations?

Bologna in Italy, Paris in France, and Oxford in England.

What was the official language of instruction at early European universities?

Latin.

Who was Tomas Aquinn, and what was his concept regarding Natural Law?

He was a great mind in Paris who taught that Natural Law is discovered through reason.

What were the start and end years of the Hundred Years War between England and France?

From $1337$ to $1453$.

What inventions during the Hundred Years War marked the decline of the age of knights?

Guns and cannons.

What role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years War, and what happened to her?

She turned the tide for France, but was captured by an English group and burned at the stake.

Which country won the Hundred Years War?

France.

Where did the Black Death begin in $1347$, and how did it spread?

It began in central Asia and spread through trade networks.

What fraction of Europeans died during the Black Death between $1347$ and $1352$?

As many as $1$ in $3$ Europeans died.

Which group of people was blamed and persecuted as a scapegoat during the Black Death?

Jews.

How did the Black Death affect surviving poor people and the Manor System?

Survivors gained much more power, demanded higher wages, and revolted against the Manor System.

What happened to Church leadership as a result of the Black Death?

Many Church leaders died and were replaced by uneducated leaders, leading to future changes.

How much did Europe's population grow between the years $1000$ and $1300$?

The population grew from $39\text{ million}$ to $74\text{ million}$.

What specific agricultural practices helped improve life and keep soil productive in Europe?

Better farming tools like the plow and horse, along with crop rotation.

What basic personal hygiene practice was recognized for slowing disease?

Handwashing.

What historical events helped restart trade in Europe by creating a taste for new goods?

The Crusades.

From whom did European merchants adopt their merchant banking systems?

Muslims.

How did merchant banking help reduce robbery for traders?

Banks held money for merchants instead of merchants having to carry it with them.

What were guilds in medieval European cities and towns?

Organizations of skilled workers that were similar to unions.

How did growing cities and towns affect the feudal Manor System?

Cities and towns broke the power of manors and offered farmers hope for a better life.