2nd semester Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

DISASTER

THIS IS A SERIOUS DISRUPTION OCCURRING OVER A SHORT OR LONG PERIOD THAT CAUSES WIDESPREAD HUMAN, MATERIAL, ECONOMIC, OR ENVIRONMENTAL LOSS WHICH EXCEEDS THE ABILITY OF THE OFFECTED COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY TO COPE USING ITS RESOURCES

NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS

2 CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

NATURAL DISASTER

THIS IS A NATURAL PHENOMENON THAT MAY CAUSE LOSS OF LIFE, INJURY, OR OTHER HEALTH IMPACTS, PROPERTY DAMAGE, LOSS OF LIVELIHOODS AND SERVICES, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ETC.

HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS

THESE ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL OR HUMAN HAZARDS

FLOOD, TSUNAMI, DROUGHT, LANDSLIDE, VOLCANIC ERUPTION

5 EXAMPLES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

FLOOD

AN OVERFLOW OF WATER THAT SUBMERGES LAND THAT IS USUALLY DRY

TSUNAMI

A LARGE OCEAN WAVE THAT IS CAUSED BY SUDDEN MOTION ON THE OCEAN FLOOR

DROUGHT

A NATURAL DISASTER OF BELOW-AVERAGE PRECIPITATION IN A GIVEN REGION, RESULTING, IN PROLONGED SHORTAGES IN THE WATER SUPPLY, WHETHER ATMOSPHERIC, SURFACE WATER OR GROUND WATER

LANDSLIDE

A RANGE OF GROUND MOVEMENT, SUCH AS ROCK FALLS, DEEP FAILURE OF SLOPES AND SHALLOW DEBRIS FLOWS

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

THE RELEASE OF HOT MAGMA, VOLCANIC ASH AND/OR GASES FROM A VOLCANO

FIRE (URBAN), HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS, NUCLEAR AND RADIATION ACCIDENTS

3 EXAMPLES OF HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS

FIRE (URBAN)

EVEN WITH STRICT BUILDING FIRE CODES, PEOPLE STOLL PERISH NEEDLESSLY IN FIRES

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS

THE ESCAPE OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, OR GASES THAT CAN HARM PEOPLE, OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS, PROPERTY OR THE ENVIRONMENT, FROM THEIR INTENDED CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS A CONTAINER

NUCLEAR AND RADIATION ACCIDENTS

AN EVENT INVOLVING SIGNIFICANT RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVITY TO BE ENVIRONMENT AND WHICH LEADS TO MAJOR UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES TO PEOPLE, THE ENVIRONMENT, OR THE FACILITY

HAZARD, EXPOSURE, VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY, RISK

5 BASIC CONCEPTS IN DRRM

HAZARD

THIS IS A POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE PHYSICAL PHENOMENON, EVENT, OR HUMAN ACTIVITY

HAZARD

THIS MAY BE ACTIVE OR MAY REMAIN DORMANT, BUT MAY HOWEVER CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH, DAMAGE OF PROPERTY, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISRUPTION OR ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. THEY CAN BE SINGLE, SEQUENTIAL OR BOTH, BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN AND IMPACTS

EXPOSURE

WHEN A HAZARD STRIKES, NOT EVEERYONE CAN BE EQUALLY AFFECTED BY ITS DANGERS. RATHER, COMMUNITIES THAT RESIDE IN HARD-PRONE AREAS ARE MORE EXPOSED TO SUCH HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS.

VULNERABILITY

THIS REFERS TO THE LACK OF CAPACITY TO FLEE FROM HAZARD EXPOSURE. THIS MAY BE CAUSED BY POVERTY, LACK OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS, OR EVEN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION.

CAPACITY

THESE ARE THE BASIC FACTORS THAT HELP A COMMUNITY REDUCE ITS VULNERABILITIES, PREVENT RISKS, AND RECOVER FROM DIASATERS. THEY ARE THE POSITIVE STRENGTHS THE COMMUNITY HOLDS

CAPACITY

TO COPE WITH DISASTERS, EVERY COMMUNITY HAS SOME SORT OF _____ THAT COULD BE IN FORM OF THEIR RESOURCE HOLDINGS, THEIR ENTITLEMENTS, AND THEIR SOCIAL NETWORKS

RISK

WHEN COMBINED, HAZARDS AND VULNERABILITY RESULT IN THIS, THREATENING PEOPLE’S LIVES AND ASSETS

RISK=HAZARD x VULNERABILITY

FORMULA FOR RISK

CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, POVERTY AND INEQUALITY, POORLY-PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WEAK GOVERNANCE

6 RISK FACTOR UNDERLYING DISASTER

CLIMATE CHANGE

THIS CAN INCREASE DISASTER RISK IN A VARIETY OF WAYS-BY ALTERING THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF HAZARDS EVENTS, AFFECTING VULNERABILITY TO HAZARDS, AND CHANGING EXPOSURE PATTERNS

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

IT IS BOTH A DRIVER AND CONSEQUENCE OF DISASTERS, REDUCING THE CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO MEET SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL NEEDS

GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

IT RESULTED IN INCREASED POLARIZATION BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR ON A GLOBAL SCALE

POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

IT IS BOTH A DRIVER AND CONSEQUENCE OF DISASTERS, AND THE PROCESSES THAT FURTHER DISASTER RISK RELATED POVERTY ARE PERMEATED WITH INEQUALITY

POORLY-PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN DEVELOPMENT

A NEW WAVE OF URBANIZATION IS UNFOLDING IN HAZARD-EXPOSED COUNTRIES AND WITH IT, NEW OPPORTUNITIES OF RESILIENT INVESTMENT EMERGE

WEAK GOVERNANCE

THESE ARE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH PUBLIC SECTOR ACTORS ARE UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO ASSUME THEIR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN PROTECTING RIGHTS, PROVIDING BASIC SERVICES AND PUBLIC SERVICES

DISASTER

THIS IS THE CULMINATION OF RISKS THAT CAUSE GLOBAL NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON THE LIVES AND ASSETS OF VULNERABLE AND EXPOSED PEOPLE, RESULTING IN INJURIES, DEATHS, PROPERTY DAMAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, AND DISRUPTION OF LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

DISASTER

THIS RESULTS IN SOCIETY’S INABILITY TO OPERATE NORMALLY

PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, BIOLOGICAL

6 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER

PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER THAT CAUSE GREAT PHYSICAL DAMAGE IN A COMMUNITY’S INFRASTRUCTURE, ITS PEOPLE. AND THEIR PROPERTIES, E.G. HOUSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF LIVING. THESE CITED EFFECTS OF A DISASTER CAN BE EASILY MEASURED AND THE MOST COMMON.

INJURIES, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES OR ILLNESS, SANITATION, DAMAGE IN INFRASTRUCTURE

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL DISASTER

PHSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER THAT VICTIMS MAY SUFFER FROM POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PSTD) AND OTHER SRIOUS MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS, WHICH ARE NOT BEING GIVEN MUCH ATTENTION TO BY THE AUTHORITIES OR EVEN BY THE VICTIMS THEMSELVES.

SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER WHERE FOR EXAMPLE A LOT OF PEOPLE TEMPORARILY LOST THEIR JOBS DUE TO THE NATIONAL HEALTH EMERGENCY ECQ, SOME PEOPLE STRANDED IN DIFFERENTE REGIONS, REPATRIATED OFWS WERE HELD IN DIFFERENT QUARATINE FACILITIES, AND ALL PEOPLE WHO WERE RESTRICTED FROM GOING OUT OF THEIR HOMES FOR MONTHS. AS A RESULT, MOST FILIPINO FAMILIES WOULD RELY ON THE GOVERNMENT’S HELP FOR THEM TO GET BY. HOWEVER, LIMITED RESOURCES AND AID FROM THE GGOVERNMENT MAKE PEOPLE FIND POSSIBLE WAYS TO SURVIVE AMID THE PANDEMIC

CHANGE IN INDIVIDUALROLES, DISRUPTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND PERSONAL CONNECTIONS

SOCIO-CULTURAL EFFECT OF DISASTER

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER THAT CAN AFFECT THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF A COMMUNITY BECAUSE THEY REDUCE LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE. IT CAN ALSO PARTIALLY OR TOTALLY PARALYZE A COUNTRY’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. IMPLEMENTATION OF A PARTIAL AND TOTAL SHUTDOWN OF LOCAL BUSINESS OPERATIONS RESULTS IN A LOT OF PEOPLE LOSING MEANS OF LIVING

LOSS OF LIFE, UNEMPLOYMENT, LOSS OF PROPERTY, LOSS OF HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES, LOSS OF CROPS, LOSS OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DISASTER

POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER THAT BOTH THE EFECTS OF A NATURAL DISASTER AND THE RESULTING DISTRIBUTION OF HUMANITARIAN AID ARE PROFOUNDLY LINKED TO POLITCIS

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

THIS IS A PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER THAT THE DISTURBING EFFECTS CAUSED BY A PREVALENT KIND OF DISEASE OR VIRUS IN AN EPIDEMIC OR PANDEMIC LEVEL.

EPIDEMIC LEVEL

BIOLOGICAL DISASTER AFFECTS LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WITHIN A GIVEN COMMUNITY OR AREA

PANDEMIC LEVEL

BIOLOGICAL DISASTER AFFECTS A MUCH LARGER REGION, SOMETIMES SPANNING ENTIRE CONTINENTS OR THE GLOBE

LOSS OF LIVES, PUBLIC DEMOBILIZATION, NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECT, UNEMPLOYMENT, HUNGER

EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DISASTER

HAZARD

A DANGEROUS SITUAATION NEEDS TO BE HEEDED BECAUSE IT CAN LEAD TO A DISASTER

HAZARD

A THREAT THAT CAN BE MANAGED BY OBSERVING WARNING SIGNS AND KEEPING IN HARMONY WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

HAZARD

THIS IS NOT USED TO DESCRIBE EVERYDAY MISHAPS. THEY ARE SPECIFIC OCCURRENCES AND DANGER AREAS WITH APPROPRIATE WARNING SIGNS.

DISASTER

A DANGEROUS SITUATION THAT HAS BECOME OUT OF CONTROL

DISASTER

AN INTERNATIONAL DANGER AND THREAT TO HUMANITY THAT NEEDS INTERVENTION TO BRING THE SITUATION UNDER CONTROL

DISASTER

THIS IS THE OUTCOME OF HAZARD WHEN WARNING SIGNS WERE IGNORED

TRUE

TURE OR FALSE

TYPHOON HAIYAN IS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST NATURAL DISASTERS EVER TO HIT THE PHILIPPINES

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

DISASTERS CAN BE MITIGATED

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

THE PHILIPPINES RARELY EXPERIENCE DISATERS

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

DISASTERS ALWAYS OCCUR WHEN HAZARDS EXIST

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

DISASTERS CANNOT BE HANDLED BY THE PHILIPPINED WITHOUT ASSISTANCE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS THE CONCEPT ANDPRACTICE OF INCREASING DISASTER RISKS THROUGH SYSTEMATIC EFFORTS

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

ILLEGAL LOGGING CAN WORSEN THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

MINING CAN REDUCE THE RISKS OF DISASTERS

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

RISK MANAGEMENT INCLUDES HAZARD MAPPING AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

TERRORISM CANNOT RESULT IN A DISASTER

VULNERABIITY

THIS DESCRIBED THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF A COMMUNITY, SYSTEM OR ASSET THAT MAKE IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF A HAZARD.

PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL

4 TYPES OF VULNERABILITY

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY

THIS MAY BE DETERMINED BY ASPECTS SUCH AS POPULATION DENSITY LEVELS, REMOTENESS OF A SETTLEMENT, THE SITE, DESIGN, AND MATERIALS USED FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOR HOUSING

EXAMPLE OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY

WOODEN HOMES ARE LESS LIKELY TO COLLAPSE IN AN EARTHQUAKE BUT ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO FIRE

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

THIS REFERS TO THE INABILITY OF PEOPLE TO WITHSTAND ADVERSE IMPACTS TO HAZARDS DUE TO CHARACTERISTICS INHERENT IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, INSTITUTIONS.

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

THIS INCLUDES ASPECTS RELATED TO LEVELS OF LITERACY AND EDUCATION, THE EXISTENCE OF PEOACE AND SECURITY, ACCESS TO BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE ETC.

EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

WHEN FLOODING OCCURS SOME CITIZENS, SUCH AS CHILDREN, ELDERLY AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, MAY BE UNABLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES OR EVACUATE IF NECESSARY

ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY

THE POOR ARE USUALLY MORE VULNERABLE TO DISASTERS BECAUSE THEY LACK THE RESOURCES TO BUILD STURDY STRUCTURES AND PUT OTHER ENGINEERING MEASURES IN PLACE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM BEING NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BY DISASTERS

EXAMPLE OF ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY

POORER FAMILIES MAY LIVE IN SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS BECAUSE THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO LIVE IN SAFER (MORE EXPENSIVE) AREAS

ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

NATURAL RESOURCE DEPELETION AND RESOURCE DEGRADATION ARE KEY ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

EXAMPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

THE QUALITY OF FARM LAND IS DETERIORATING AND FORESTED LANDS ARE SHRINKING, DEVELOPMENT OF MANGROVE SWAMPS INTO AQUACULTURE PONDS, SALT BEDS, AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS, COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS, DEALING WITH AFTER-EFFECTS

4 REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY AND SPECIFIC STRUCTURE ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO DISASTER THAN OTHERS

POPULATION DENSITY, AGE OF POPULATIO, DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

4 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

POPULATION DENSITY

THE MORE DENSE THE POPULATION THE MORE EFFICIENTY A REPSONSE CAN BE

AGE OF POPULATION

VERY OLD AND VERY YOUNG POPULATIONS ARE LESS MOBILE AND ABLE TO RESPOND TO HAZARD EVENTS WELL

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

POPULATIONS MAY BE DISTRIBUTED DIFFERENT WITHIN HAZARD E.G. ELDERLY POPLE ON LOWER FLOORS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS, OR CONCENTRATIONS OF HIGHLY VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN POORER AREAS OF A CITY

WEALTH, EDUCATION, NATURE OF SOCIETY, UNDERSTANDING OF THE AREA

4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

WEALTH

LOW INCOME POPULATIONS ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE WELL PREPARED

EDUCATION

EDUCATION PROGRAMS SUCH AS CALIFORNIA;S EARTHQUAKE DAY CAN INSTRUCT POPULATIONS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH HAZARD EVENTS

NATURE OF SOCIETY

IN HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES, EFFICIENT RESPONSE MAY BE THE RESULT. HOWEVER, IT CAL ALSO LEAD TO BUREACRACY AND A LACK OF AUTONOMOUS DECISION MAKING, WHICH SLOWS DOWN RELIEF EFFORTS

UNDERSTANDING OF THE AREA

RECENT MIGRANTS ARE LIKELY TO STRUGGLE TO COPE COMPARED TO ESTABLISH POPULATION

BUILDING CODES, SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS, COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, EMERGENCY PLANNING

4 COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

BUILDING CODES

THIS PROTECT MOST BUILDINGS FROM COLLAPSE DURING EARTHQUAKES

SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

ESTABLISHED MONITORING CAN PREPARE PEOPLE

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

COUNTRIES WITH GOOD QUALITY AND WIDESPREAD NETWORKS ALLOW MESSAGES TO BE QUICKLY SHARED, THIS LINKS CLOSELY WITH THE INFORMATION FLOWS OF GLOBAL INTERACTIONS

EMERGENCY PLANNING

THIS IS WHERE MONITORING AND COMMUNICATION IS IN PLACE, THE EMERGENCY PLANNING IS LIKELY TO PREPARE FOR SUCH EVENTS AND TAKE ACTION BASED ON DATA, RATHER THAN PREDICTION

INSURANCE COVER, EMERGENCY PERSONNEL, AID REQUESTS

3 DEALING WITH THE AFTER-EFFECTS

INSURANCE COVER

NDIVIDUALS PURCHASE INSURANCE TO MITIGATE THE LOSS, THUS PREPARING THEM BETTER FOR SIMILAR FUTURE EVENTS

EMERGENCY PERSONNEL

THIS IS THE AFTER-EFFECT OF TRAINING UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS. THE AVAILABILITY OF SUCH PERSONNEL WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE TIME OF DAY AND LOCATION OF THE HAZARD EVENT

AID REQUESTS

OUTSIDE HELP IS NECESSARY DURING A DISASTER. HOWEVER, THIS IS SOMETIMES SLOW TO BE REQUESTED RESULTING IN FURTHERN DEATHS AND LOSS OF PROPERTY

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

THE REDUCTION OF ANY ONE OF THE THREE FACTOS IN THE RISK TRIANGLE TO ZERO CONSQEQUENTLY WOULD ELIMINATE THE RISK

RISK

THIS IS THE PROBABILITY OF HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES OR EXPECTED LOSS OF LIVES, PEOPLE INJURED, LIVELIHOODS, DISRUPTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, AND DAMAGES TO THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RESULT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURAL OR HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS AND VULNERABLE/CAPABLE CONDITIONS

VULNERABILITY, HAZARD, EXPOSURE

3 FACTORS OF RISK

PEOPLE. BUILDING, BUSINESSES, INFRASTRUCTURES, AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

5 ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDES

HAZARD

AN EVENT OR CCURRENCE THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR CAUSING INJURY TO LIFE, PROPERT AND ENVIRONMENT, ALTHOUGH AT TIMES, IT HAS BEEN ASCRIBED THE SAME MEANING AS RISK, CURRENTLY IT IS WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT IT IS A COMPONENT OF RISK AND NOT RISK ITSELF

TSUNAMI, FLOODS, CYCLONE, EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDES, VOLCANIC ERUPTION, TERRORISM, EPIDEMIC

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDS

EXPOSURE

THIS REFERS TO THE “ELEMENTS AT RISK” FROM A NATURAL OR MAN-MADE HAZARD EVENT; IT IS A NECESSARY, BUT NOT SUFFICIENTY, DETERMINANT OF RISK. IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE EXPOSED BUT NOT VULNERABLE

BY LIVING IN A FLOODPLAIN BUT HAVING SUFFICIENT MEANS TO MODIFY BUILDING STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR TO MITIGATE POTENTIAL LOSS

EXAMPLE OF EXPOSURE

VULNERABILITY

THIS COMPRISES CONDITIONS DETERMINED BY PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OR PROCESSES, WHICH INCREAQSE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A COMMUNITY, SCHOOL, OR CERTAIN AREA IN A LOCALITY TO THE IMPACT OF HAZARDS.