NURS3107-Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2022

Flashcards for Pathophysiology Final Exam Review

Cerebrovascular Accident Clinical Manifestations

Sudden unilateral weakness, speech issues, confusion, facial droop. Diagnosed using FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911.

Multiple Sclerosis

A progressive immune-related demyelination disease of the CNS

Multiple Sclerosis Medical Management

Disease-modifying therapies and symptom management of muscle spasms, fatigue, ataxia, bowel and bladder control

Clinical manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis

Frequently, the disease is relapsing and remitting; has exacerbations and recurrences of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, numbness, difficulty in coordination, loss of balance, pain, and visual disturbances

Unstable Angina

Reduced blood flow in coronary artery due to rupture of a plaque

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Plaque rupture and thrombus formation results in complete occlusion of artery

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Erosion caused by increased concentration of acid (pepsin) or decreased resistant normal protective barrier

Clinical manifestations of Peptic Ulcers

A dull gnawing feeling or burning in the midepigastrium, heart burn, vomiting

Hyperuricemia

Serum greater than 7.

Trophi

Accumulation of urate crystals.

Normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Values

pH: 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂: 35–45 mmHg, HCO₃⁻: 22–26 mEq/L, PaO₂: 80–100 mmHg, SaO₂: 95–100%

Respiratory Acidosis

↑ PaCO₂, ↓ pH; caused by hypoventilation (e.g., COPD)

Respiratory Alkalosis

↓ PaCO₂, ↑ pH; caused by hyperventilation (e.g., anxiety, fever).

Metabolic Acidosis

↓ HCO₃⁻ , ↓ pH; causes include DKA, diarrhea, renal failure

Metabolic Alkalosis

↑ HCO₃⁻ , ↑ pH; caused by vomiting, diuretics, antacid overuse

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma.

CAP (Pneumonia)

Community Acquired

HAP (Pneumonia)

Hospital Acquired

HCAP (Pneumonia)

Health-Care Acquired

VAP (Pneumonia)

Ventilation Associated

COPD Pathophysiology

Progressive in nature, airways narrow- excess mucus, scar tissue formation

COPD Clinical Manifestations

Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion, barrel chest.

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

Scar tissue characteristically surrounds the portal areas

Postnecrotic Cirrhosis

Broad bands of scar tissue.

Biliary Cirrhosis

Scarring occurs in the liver around the bile ducts

Clinical manifestations of Cirrhosis

Liver enlargements, portal obstruction, ascites, infection and peritonitis, varices, edema, vitamin deficiency, anemia, mental deterioration

Portal hypertension

Alteration of blood flow to the liver causes an increase in pressure in the veins that carry blood through the liver

Crohn’s Disease Location

Anywhere in GI tract, especially terminal ileum; skip lesions.

Diverticulum

Sac-like herniation of the lining of the bowel that extends through a defect in the muscle layer

Diverticulitis

Infection and inflammation of diverticula

Diverticulosis

Multiple diverticula without inflammation

Diet for Diverticulosis

High-fiber to prevent diverticulitis.

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junction

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Clot in deep veins (usually legs); Virchow’s triad (stasis, injury, hypercoagulability). Swelling, warmth, redness, tenderness. Complication: Pulmonary embolism

Left-Sided Heart Failure Manifestations

Pulmonary symptoms—dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles.

Right-Sided Heart Failure Manifestations

Systemic symptoms—edema, JVD, hepatomegaly.

Ulcerative Colitis

Colon and rectum, continuous lesions. Bloody diarrhea, urgency, cramping. Low-fiber during flares, avoid dairy, caffeine, spicy food.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of gallbladder

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune, chronic & progressive

Hypothyroidism

Results from suboptimal levels of thyroid hormone. Thyroid deficiency can affect all body functions and can range from mild, subclinical forms to myxedema

Hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease, thyrotoxicosis: excessive output of thyroid hormone (thyroid storm), autoimmune disorder

Chvostek's Sign

Facial twitching when the cheek is tapped; Indicates: Hypocalcemia (low calcium).

Trousseau's Sign

Carpal spasm when a BP cuff is inflated; Indicates: Hypocalcemia

Grave's Disease Symptoms

Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, anxiety, exophthalmos (bulging eyes). ↓TSH, ↑T3 and ↑T4

Renal Calculi

Calculi (stones) in the urinary tract or kidney

Insulin

Hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

ADH Function

Regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

SIADH

Excess ADH → water retention, hyponatremia, confusion, seizures

Diabetes Insipidus:

ADH deficiency → excessive urination, dehydration, low urine specific gravity

Erythropoietin Function

Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Cushing's Disease

Excessive adrenocortical activity or corticosteroid medications