Antibiotics

Bactericidal:

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Tremethoprim/Sulfonamides, Nitrofurans, Metronidazole, Quinolones

Bacteriostatic:

Tetracyclines, Chlormaphenicol, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Spectinoycin, Sulfonamides

Beta-lactamases:

Enzymes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins

Tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal:

Bacteriostatic

Pharmacodynamics of Tetracyclines:

-Inhibits protein synthesis

-Broad spectrum (gram positive and gram negative bacteria)

Adverse effects of Tetracycline:

-Don’t give IV in horses

-Don’t give with food, milk products, or antacids

-Effect on bone development

-Don’t use in pregnant animals

-Diarrhea

-Painful IM injections

Tetracycline generic names:

-Chlortetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Oxtetracycline

Chloramphenicol/Florfenicol Pharmacokinetics:

-Bacteriostatic at low doses

-Bactericidal at high doses

-Used only in small animals

-Broad spectrum

Chloramphenicol use in large animals:

Is illegal

Chloramphenicol/ Florfenicol trade name:

Resflor Gold

Lincosamides/ Macrolides Pharmacokinetics:

-Inhibit bacterial proteins

-Mainly gram-positive spectrum

-Anaerobic

Lincosamide trade names:

-Lincomycin

-Clindamyacin

Macrolide trade names:

-Tilmicosin phosphate

-Erythromycin

-Tylosin

Contraindications of Lincosamides:

-Hind-gut fermenters (Rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, horses, ruminants)

Micotil:

-Macrolide that can kill a human with just residue on the needle

Micotil works well in:

Cattle with respiratory disease

Spectinomycin pharmicokinetics:

-Aminocyclitol anitbiotic

-Mostly broad spectrum

-Excreted through glomerular filtration into urine

Side effects of spectinomycin:

-Less ototoxic/ nephrotocis

-Neuromuscular blockade (secondary side effect)

Polymyxin B and Bacitracin:

-Bacterialcidal

-Primarily dog and cat

-Only topical or ophthalmic

Side effects of Polymyxin B and Bacitracin:

Nephrotoxicity

Nitrofurans generic name:

Nitrofurazone

Adverse effects of Nitrofurans:

GI disturbances

Uses of Nitrofurans:

-Bacterialcidal, skin wounds

-Horses

-Don’t use in food animals

Rifampin generic name:

Rifadin

Use of Rifampin:

-Mainly horses

-Use