AP HG UNIT 6 VOCAB

Ecumene

permanently habited areas of the world

Urbanization

the process of developing a town or city

Percent Urban

the proportion of population that live in towns and cities compared to the population of rural areas

City-State

consists of an urban center, surrouding territory and agricultural villages

City-State

Vatican City and Singapore

Urban Hearth

area generally associated with secure defense and river valleys that allow for a surplus of food

Urban Area

usually described as a central city plus land for commercial, industrial, and residential purposes including the surrounding suburbs

City

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries

Metropolitan Area (metro area)

a collection of adjacent cities economically connect, of which population density is high and continous

Metropolitan Statistical Area

consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration, with the urban core

Micropolitan Statistical Area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

Nodal Region

focal point in a matrix of connections

Social Heterogenity

population of city contains a greater diversity of people

Borchert's transportation model

describes urban growth based on transportation technology

Pedestrian cities

cities shaped by the distance people could walk

Streetcar suburbs

cities that grew up along rail lines, often created a pinwheel shape

Suburbanization

usually involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

Sprawl

is the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city

Leap-frog development

developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of a city's built area

Boomburbs

Rapidly growing communities (over 10% per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people, and are not the largest city in the metro area.

Boomburbs

Mesa, Arizona; Plano, Texas; Riverside, California

Edge Cities

Nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Counter-urbanization (Deurbanization)

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

Exurbs

prosperous residential areas beyond the suburbs

Reurbanization

suburbanites return to live in the city

Megacities

have a population of more than 10 million people

Metacities

• continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people

Metacities

• attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system

Megalopolis

chain of connected cities

Conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

World Cities, Global Cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

Urban Hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

Nodal Cities

command centers on a regional and occasionally national level

settlement

a place with a permanent population

Percent Urban

Demographers estimate that by the year 2030, 60 percent will live in cities and nearly 70 percent by 2050.

Urban Hearth

Tigris-Euphrates river Valley (Mesopatemia), Indus River Valley, Nile River Valley, Huang-He Floodplain

City-State

Classical Greece, Babylon, Vatican City

Borchert's Transportation Model

Sail Wagon, Iron Horse, Steel Rail, Auto-Air Amenity

Sprawl

most common in Southeast and West United States

Sprawl

occurs due to growth of suburbs, lower density per household, poor infrastructure planning laws, cheaper land costs in suburbs, continuing growth of car culture

Metacity

Tokyo, Japan; NYC, NY; Shenzhen, China

Megalopolis

Bos-Wash Corridor; string of cities from Boston to NYC, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington DC

World Cities

London, NYC, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore, Amsterdam, Berlin, Seoul, Hong Kong, Shanghai

Nodal Cities

Las Vegas (Entertainment); Austin (Government); Elkhart, IN (Manufacturing); Norfolk, VA (Military)

Urban System

interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

Rank-size Rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

Rank-Size Rule

states the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the larget city

Rank-Size Rule

theory works in India, Canada, Australia and US

Rank-Size Rule

Limitations include not explain distribution of cities and not considering interactions between cities

Primate City

largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city, and it will have primacy

Primate City

social, political, and economic hub for the system and offer a wider range of services than the smaller cities

Primate City

Medium sized cities are not present

Primate City

followed by countries that follow a unitary form of government

Primate City

London and Mexico City

Higher-order services

usually expensive, require a large number of people to spport and are only occasionally utilized

Higher-order services

major sports team, luxury car dealerships, large malls, large specialized research hospitals

Lower-order services

usually less expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis

Lower-order services

gas stations, local grocery stores, small restaurants

Gravity Model

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other

Gravity Model

used to predict the flow of interactions and people

Gravity Model

Assumptions include locations with no cultural, physical or political barrier

Central Place Theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

Central Place

location where poeple go to recieve goods and services

Central Place

major city or hamlet

Market Area

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place

Hexagonal Hinterlands

Compromise between a square (in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place) and a circle (in which there would be overlapping areas of service)

Nesting Hexagons

allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the regions

Threshold

size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

Site

Climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors.

Site

Cincinnati is on the north bank of the Ohio River and is a valley surrounded by hills with a temperate climate and fertile soil.

Situation

Connections between sites, the relative location often dictates the function of the city.

Situation

Cincinnati emerged as a river port after 1811. River commerce reached its height in 1852, stimulated steamboat building and industry, specifically pork.

Favelas, Squatter Settlements, Slums

A household that cannot provide one of the following basic living characteristics

Forward Capitals

Capital cities that are relocated, mostly occurring in former colonies.

Megacity

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people.

Megacity

Results in unplanned city growth with squatter settlements.

Metacity

Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 20 million people.

Suburbanization

The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.

Suburbanization

After WWII in America, economic advancements, the GI Bill, the increased production & ownership of automobiles.

Edge Cities

Community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes, and amenities typically found in an urban center.

Boomburbs

Suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents. Typically made up of planned communities that have began to merge together.

Boomburbs

"Feels" suburban, but more closely resembles an urban city in population

Exburbs

Community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs Function like a suburb, but more rural and less connected to the central city core.

World Cities

Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence and make up a network of economic, social, and information flows.

Urban Hierarchy

Different cities have different functions within the system, with larger, more influential cities landing higher -while cities with smaller populations and economies fall lower

Urban Hierarchy

Models & theories were developed by geographers in order to explain the relative sizes and spatial organization of cities.

Rank-Size Rule

Model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. Typically indicates somewhat even development.

Rank-Size Rule

-Population of the 2nd largest city = 1/2 the population of the largest city.

-Population of the 3rd largest city = 1/3 the population of the largest city.

-Population of the 4th largest city = 1/4 the population of the largest city.

Primate City

Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state.

Primate City

One particular city is extremely large in terms of population size AND economic, cultural and political influence.

Primate City

Typically indicates relatively uneven development within a state.

Gravity Model

Model that illustrates the spatial relationship/amount of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication, etc.

Gravity Model

Considers the distance between two locations and their relative sizes.

Gravity Model

Larger cities interact more often with other large cities, rather than small cities.

Gravity Model

Small cities are drawn to the influence and impact of large cities

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns/order of cities and settlements.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Based on economic functions/consumer behavior - the "central place" is the large city that provides the most goods and services for the surrounding areas.