Chapter Five: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Interracial interaction

________ can be challenging and fraught with emotion and tension.

Objectification

________: When a person is viewed or treated as a mere body or object and less as a fully functioning human being.

Microaggression

________: Everyday, subtle, and hurtful forms of discrimination that are experienced quite frequently by members of targeted groups.

Socialization

________: The processes by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group.

Cooperation

________ and shared goals are ideal for intergroup contact to be successful.

stereotype threat effects

To reduce ________, individuals must feel a sense of trust and safety in the situation.

Polycultural thinking

________: Focusing on the ways that racial and ethnic groups have interacted and influenced each others cultures throughout history.

Metastereotypes

________: Thoughts about the outgroups stereotypes about them.

Hostile Sexism

________: Negative, resentful feelings about womens abilities, value, and challenge to mens power.

Schadenfreude

________: The experience of pleasure at other peoples misfortunes, particularly for celebrities or others we dont feel empathy for.

Identity Fusion

________: The sense of "oneness "that people may feel with a group.

Medias impact

________ is especially negative among individuals who are already concerned about their appearance or are particularly concerned with others opinions.

Social Categorization

________: The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

belong muscular

Men are portrayed in the media as ________ and lean.

Dual Identity Categorizations

________: When individuals from minority groups preserve their distinctiveness as a member of their specific group, but recognize their connection and potential for cooperation with the majority or more powerful group.

strong emotion

Being physically tired or being affected by ________ or arousal can make perceivers less likely to avoid stereotyping.

Jigsaw Classroom

________: A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

Ingroups

________: Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Benevolent Sexism

________: Affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection.

Stereotypes

________: Beliefs or associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics.

Biases

________ can be difficult to see, but are present in abundance, across a multitude of settings.

Realistic Conflict

________ Theory: The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

Relative Deprivation

________: Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.

Self Regulation of Prejudiced Responses Model

________: Internally motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices more effectively over time.

fellow humans

Perceivers sometimes process outgroup faces more like objects and lower- order animals than like ________.

Collectivists

________ are more likely than individualists to value their connectedness and interdependence with the people and groups around them, and their personal identities are tied closely with their social identities.

blood sugar

Being low in ________ can weaken peoples ability to control stereotyping and prejudice.

Cooperative activities

________: Members of the two groups should join together in an effort to achieve superordinate goals.

Modern Racism

________: A subtle form of prejudice that tends to surface when it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize.

Prejudice

________ based on weight and sexuality are considered more acceptable by many people.

Illusory Correlation

________: A tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

Stereotype Threat

________: The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about ones group.

Media depictions

________ can influence viewers, often without the viewers realizing it.

Ingroup identification

________ and outgroup derogation and dehumanization can be especially strong among people with a social dominance orientation.

Behavioral differences

________ lead us to perceive men as dominant and women by domestic by nature, when the differences may reflect the roles they play.

Superordinate Goal

________: A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

Subliminal Presentation

________: A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people dont have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

Avoidant behavior

________ can make things worse.

Gender stereotypes

________ indicate what many people in a given culture believe men and women should be like, not what they think they actually are like.

Racial prejudice

________ and discrimination have been decreasing in the United States and in many other countries over the last 70 years.

masculine traits

Women are seen as more competent if they present themselves with stereotypically ________.

Discrimination

________: Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

Outgroups

________: Groups with which an individual doesnt feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Personal Interaction

________: The contact should involve one- on- one interactions among individual members of the two groups.

Equal Status

________: The contact should occur in circumstances that give the groups ________.

System Justification Theory

________: A theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

Stereotype Content Model

________: A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

positive intergroup

Cross- group dating is associated with more ________ attitudes.

Racial bias

________ in decisions to shoot was significantly stronger if the targets looked more stereotypic of their respective races.

Social Dominance Orientation

________: A desire to see ones ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men) over another (typically women)

Stereotypes

Beliefs or associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics

Prejudice

Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

Discrimination

Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Modern Racism

A subtle form of prejudice that tends to surface when it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize

Aversive Racism

Racism that concerns the ambivalence between individuals sincerely fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on one hand, and their largely unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, on the other hand

Microaggression

Everyday, subtle, and hurtful forms of discrimination that are experienced quite frequently by members of targeted groups

Moral Credentials

People establish that theyre not racist towards a group by demonstrating that they have good friends from the racial or ethnic group in question or they have behaved in ways that were quite fair to members of this group

Implicit Racism

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Test that measures implicit beliefs and attitudes that a person may have

Metastereotypes

Thoughts about the outgroups stereotypes about them

Polycultural thinking

Focusing on the ways that racial and ethnic groups have interacted and influenced each others cultures throughout history

Hostile Sexism

Negative, resentful feelings about womens abilities, value, and challenge to mens power

Ex

Women seek special favors under the guise of equality

Benevolent Sexism

Affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection

Ex

Women should be cherished and protected by men

Objectification

When a person is viewed or treated as a mere body or object and less as a fully functioning human being

Stigmatized

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

Stereotype Threat

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about ones group

Social Categorization

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

Ingroups

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

Outgroups

Groups with which an individual doesnt feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Identity Fusion

The sense of "oneness" that people may feel with a group

Social Dominance Orientation

A desire to see ones ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

System Justification Theory

A theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions

Stereotype Content Model

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

Superordinate Goal

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

Realistic Conflict Theory

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Relative Deprivation

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

In-Group Favoritism

The tendency to discriminate in favor of in-groups over out-groups

Social Identity Theory

The theory that people favor in-groups over out-groups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Schadenfreude

The experience of pleasure at other peoples misfortunes, particularly for celebrities or others we dont feel empathy for

Socialization

The processes by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group

Social Role Theory

The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women

Illusory Correlation

A tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Subliminal Presentation

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people dont have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them

Contact Hypothesis

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

Equal Status

The contact should occur in circumstances that give the groups equal status

Personal Interaction

The contact should involve one-on-one interactions among individual members of the two groups

Cooperative activities

Members of the two groups should join together in an effort to achieve superordinate goals

Social norms

The social norms, defined in part by relevant authorities, should favor intergroup contact

Extended Contact Effect / Indirect Contact Effect

Knowing that an ingroup friend has a good and close relationship with a member of an out-group can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact

Jigsaw Classroom

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

Common Ingroup Identity Model

If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes and relations can improve

Dual-Identity Categorizations

When individuals from minority groups preserve their distinctiveness as a member of their specific group, but recognize their connection and potential for cooperation with the majority or more powerful group

Externally driven

Not wanting to appear to be prejudiced

Internally driven

Not wanting to be prejudiced, regardless of whether or not others would find out

Self-Regulation of Prejudiced Responses Model

Internally motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices more effectively over time