Chapter 16. A&P

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6 Terms

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The 9 Major endocrine structures & key functions

  1. Hypothalamus – controls pituitary, links nervous & endocrine systems

  2. Pituitary gland – master gland, regulates other glands

  3. Pineal gland – melatonin, sleep cycles

  4. Thyroid – release hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development. (T3 & T4)

  5. Parathyroids – raises blood calcium (PTH)

  6. Adrenal glands – cortex: cortisol/aldosterone; medulla: fight-or-flight hormones

  7. Pancreas – blood glucose control (insulin, glucagon)

  8. Ovaries/Testes – sex hormones, reproduction

  9. Thymus – T-lymphocyte development and maturation

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Compare and contrast how the nervous system and endocrine system control bodily functions

The endocrine system sends hormones into the bloodstream to regulate long-term processes such as homeostasis, reproduction, and metabolism. The nervous system uses electrical signals and neurotransmitters to control rapid, short-term actions like movement, reflexes, sensory perception, and cognition.

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Types of chemical signaling

  1. Endocrine – Long-distance text message. Hormones travel in the blood to far-away cells.

  2. Paracrine – Whisper to a neighbor. Chemical only affects nearby cells.

  3. Autocrine – Talking to yourself. Cell releases a chemical that comes back and acts on itself.

  4. Gap junction – Secret tunnel. Two cells are connected, chemicals slip directly through.

  5. Neurotransmitter – Fast doorbell. Nerve cell sends a quick chemical signal to the next cell.

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<p>Endocrine organs? Neuroendocrine organs?</p>

Endocrine organs? Neuroendocrine organs?

Endocrine: - anterior pituitary gland: situated in sphenoid bone of skull

  • thyroid gland: located in anterior neck

  • 3-5 small parathyroid glands: found on posterior thyroid gland

  • Paired adrenal cortices: located on the superior surface of kidneys

  • Endocrine pancreas: found on left side of abdominal cavity mostly posterior to stomach

  • Thymus: located in superior mediastinum

  • Paired ovaries or testes: former in pelvic cavity and latter suspended below the pelvic cavity in men

    Neuroendocrine

  • Hypothalamus

  • Pineal gland

  • Adrenal medulla

<p>Endocrine: - anterior pituitary gland: situated in sphenoid bone of skull</p><ul><li><p>thyroid gland: located in anterior neck</p></li><li><p>3-5 small parathyroid glands: found on posterior thyroid gland</p></li><li><p>Paired adrenal cortices: located on the superior surface of kidneys</p></li><li><p>Endocrine pancreas: found on left side of abdominal cavity mostly posterior to stomach</p></li><li><p>Thymus: located in superior mediastinum</p></li><li><p>Paired ovaries or testes: former in pelvic cavity and latter suspended below the pelvic cavity in men</p><p>Neuroendocrine </p></li><li><p>Hypothalamus </p></li><li><p>Pineal gland</p></li><li><p>Adrenal medulla</p></li></ul>
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What does the half-life of a hormone mean?

half-life of a hormone is the time it takes for half of the hormone’s concentration in the blood to be broken down

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cAMP?

cyclic adenosine monophosphate